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15 Years of the Information Technology Agreement
Trade, Innovation and Global Production NetworksThe Information and Technology Agreement (ITA) was finalized at the first WTO Ministerial Conference, in Singapore, in 1996, committing its participants to completely eliminate duties on certain information technology products. In its 15 years, the ITA has promoted affordable access to a wide range of technologies, encouraging closer cooperation between developed and developing countries. As production networks become increasingly global, the ITA will continue to facilitate the shift from products made in a specific country to “made in the world”. To mark the 15th anniversary of the ITA, this publication charts the political and technical obstacles which were overcome during the creation of the Agreement and the issues which still need to be resolved. It details the establishment of the ITA Committee and how the Agreement is implemented, and investigates the impact the ITA has had on trade liberalization and innovation. The publication also examines the effect information technology has had on global production networks and what this means for developing countries and the ITA.
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20 Years of the Information Technology Agreement
Boosting Trade, Innovation and Digital ConnectivityOver the past 20 years, the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) has increased worldwide access to high-tech goods, such as computers, mobile phones and semiconductors. It has also contributed to greater access to the Internet and the growth of the digital economy, creating new opportunities for businesses and individuals in both developed and developing economies. Finalized at the first WTO Ministerial Conference in 1996, the ITA commits its participants to eliminating tariffs on a wide range of IT products with an annual value of approximately US$ 1.7 trillion. To mark the 20th anniversary of the ITA, this publication analyses the impact of the ITA on its participants and on worldwide trade in IT products. It demonstrates how the Agreement has not only made high-tech products more affordable but has also helped to promote innovation and to support developing economies’ integration into global production networks. The publication also reviews new developments, such as the landmark deal concluded in 2015 to eliminate tariffs on an additional 201 IT products valued at over $1.3 trillion per year. Finally, it highlights what still needs to be done to meet the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal of providing universal and affordable access to the Internet so that the benefits of the digital revolution can be enjoyed by all.
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20th Anniversary Brochures
The WTO has produced a series of brochures to mark its 20th anniversary. Each brochure looks into a specific area of WTO activity, highlighting the achievements over the past 20 years.
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25 Years of the WTO: A Photographic Retrospective
“25 years of the WTO: A Photographic Retrospective” captures some of the key moments in the life of the WTO since it came into being on 1 January 1995. Over 150 photos provide insights into the work of the organization over the past quarter of a century, reflecting 25 years of challenges, successes and perseverance.
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A Handbook on Accession to the WTO
The Handbook provides the first detailed explanation and analysis of the process whereby governments become Members of the WTO. The WTO Agreement, which came into force on 1 January, 1995, provides few details on how this process is to take place. Consequently, the steps in the detailed negotiations leading up to access have evolved through the actual negotiations for governments which have become Members of the WTO since 1995. This handbook is unique in providing an account of how the process evolved and in offering details on the process as it is now applied. Moreover, the input of the WTO Secretariat into the preparation of the guide provides information not available until now to anyone outside the Secretariat. The Secretariat has supported production of this handbook in the hope it will serve as a useful source of reference for officials from acceding governments, WTO Members, academia, and the general public.
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A Handbook on Anti-Dumping Investigations
A key guide to the intricacies of anti-dumping proceedings
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A Handbook on the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement
This guide to the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement is based on the authors' experiences of teaching its finer points to customs officials and policy-makers around the world. Covering the methods of valuation and the provisions on enforcement, implementation and dispute settlement, the authors give practical examples, explain interpretative decisions of national and international customs bodies, and analyse the history of its negotiation. Written as a learning tool, it helps both new and experienced policy-makers, customs officials, importers and exporters to gain a deeper understanding of the Agreement's function and aims.
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A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System
The primary purpose of this training guide is to explain the WTO dispute settlement system to an interested person with little or no knowledge of how this system functions. However, with its detailed content, it could also serve as a very useful “handbook” to experienced practitioners of WTO Law. It explains the historic evolution of the current system and explores the practices that have arisen in its operation since its entry into force on 1 January 1995.
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A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System, 2nd Edition
The WTO dispute settlement system has become one of the most dynamic, effective and successful international dispute settlement systems in the world over the past twenty years. This second edition of A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System has been compiled by the dispute settlement lawyers of the WTO Secretariat with a view to providing a practice-oriented account of the system. In addition to describing the existing rules and procedures, this accessibly written handbook explains how those rules and procedures have been interpreted by dispute settlement panels and the Appellate Body, and how they have evolved over time. The handbook provides practical information to help various audiences understand the day-to-day operation of the WTO dispute settlement system.
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A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement
This handbook describes the historical and legal background to the TRIPS Agreement, its role in the WTO and its institutional framework and reviews the following areas: general provisions and basic principles; copyright and related rights; trademarks; geographical indications; patents; industrial designs, layout-designs, undisclosed information and anti-competitive practices; enforcement of IPRs; dispute settlement in the context of the TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS and public health; and current TRIPS issues. It contains a guide to TRIPS notifications by WTO members and describes how to access and make use of the official documentation relating to the TRIPS Agreement and related issues. Furthermore, it includes the legal texts of the TRIPS Agreement and the relevant provisions of the WIPO conventions referred to in it, as well as subsequent relevant WTO instruments.
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A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement
This Handbook describes the historical and legal background to the TRIPS Agreement, its role in the WTO and its institutional framework. It reviews the following areas: general provisions and basic principles; copyright and related rights; trademarks; geographical indications; patents; industrial designs, layout-designs, undisclosed information and anti-competitive practices; enforcement of IPRs; dispute settlement in the context of the TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS and public health; and current TRIPS issues. It contains a guide to TRIPS notifications by WTO members and describes how to access the official documentation relating to the TRIPS Agreement and related issues. Furthermore, it includes the legal texts of the TRIPS Agreement and the relevant provisions of the WIPO conventions referred to in it, as well as subsequent relevant WTO instruments and related non-WTO treaties. The new edition covers the public health revision of the Agreement that entered into force in 2017 and provides updates on other recent developments.
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A History of Law and Lawyers in the GATT/WTO
How did a treaty that emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War, and barely survived its early years, evolve into one of the most influential organisations in international law? This unique book brings together original contributions from an unprecedented number of eminent current and former GATT and WTO staff members, including many current and former Appellate Body members, to trace the history of law and lawyers in the GATT/WTO and explore how the nature of legal work has evolved over the institution's sixty-year history. In doing so, it paints a fascinating portrait of the development of the rule of law in the multilateral trading system, and allows some of the most important personalities in GATT and WTO history to share their stories and reflect on the WTO's remarkable journey from a 'provisionally applied treaty' to an international organisation defined by its commitment to the rule of law.
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A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis
This Guide to Trade Policy Analysis provides the main tools for the analysis of trade policy. Written by experts with practical experience in the field, this publication outlines the major concepts of trade policy analysis and contains practical guidance on how to apply them to concrete policy questions.
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Accelerating Trade Digitalization to Support MSME Financing
For many micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) around the world today, access to financing can mean the difference between prosperity and bankruptcy. Working to identify, understand, and ultimately overcome the challenges that MSMEs face in their quest for acquiring financing will help to ensure that the next great technological idea does not cease to exist before it has a chance to change the world. This publication seeks to identify some of the most pressing of these challenges, understand them, and explore the potential application of digital technologies to mitigating their impact. To that end, the authors conducted interviews and surveys with experts in the field of MSME financing, including, in some cases, trade financing, to shed light on these issues and explore the ways in which technology can be used. This publication begins by examining some of the challenges that have been identified as impacting MSME financing, as well as the role that the COVID-19 pandemic has had in moulding the landscape. Next, it moves on to examining key digital technologies, their potential benefit to the industry – in particular to MSME financing – a selection of case studies and of companies utilizing these technologies, the adoption challenges they face, and recommendations for overcoming these challenges. The technologies in question include cloud computing, optical character recognition, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, distributed ledger technology and application programming interfaces.
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Accord sur les mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires
10 résultats clés de 2020Une nouvelle brochure présentée le 27 juillet souligne le ferme engagement des Membres de l’OMC, quel que soit leur niveau de développement, en faveur de la transparence et de la prévention des différends commerciaux. Les renseignements contenus dans cette brochure sont fondés sur l’examen de la mise en œuvre, par les Membres, de l’Accord sur l’application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires (Accord SPS), réalisé en 2020.
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Acuerdo sobre la aplicación de medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias
10 resultados clave de 2020En un nuevo folleto presentado el 27 de julio se destaca el firme compromiso de los Miembros de la OMC en todos los niveles de desarrollo con la transparencia y la prevención de diferencias comerciales. La información contenida en el folleto se basa en el examen de 2020 de la aplicación por los Miembros del Acuerdo sobre la Aplicación de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias (el “Acuerdo MSF”).
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African Perspectives on Trade and the WTO
Domestic Reforms, Structural Transformation and Global Economic IntegrationTwenty-first century Africa is in a process of economic transformation, but challenges remain in areas such as structural reform, governance, commodity pricing and geopolitics. This book looks into key questions facing the continent, such as how Africa can achieve deeper integration into the rules-based multilateral trading system and the global economy. It provides a range of perspectives on the future of the multilateral trading system and Africa's participation in global trade and underlines the supportive roles that can be played by multilateral and regional institutions during such a rapid and uncertain transition. This volume is based on contributions to the Fourth China Round Table on WTO Accessions and the Multilateral Trading System, which took place just before the WTO's Tenth Ministerial Conference in Nairobi in December 2015.
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Air Transport and the GATS
1995-2000 in ReviewThis special compilation describes air transport services from a regulatory and economic point of view, with a special focus on market access questions. Each volume contains original material and up-to-date insights, written on the basis of close cooperation with industry professionals. In preparation for the second air transport review mandated by the GATS Annex on Air Transport Services, the Secretariat has gathered in the present booklet the documentation produced in 2000-1 for the first review.
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Air Transport and the GATS
2000-2005 in Review Volume 1 Auxiliary servicesThis special compilation describes air transport services from a regulatory and economic point of view, with a special focus on market access questions. Each volume contains original material and up-to-date insights, written on the basis of close cooperation with industry professionals. It contains the documentation prepared by the WTO Secretariat for the WTO Membership in the framework of a quinquennal review process of the air transport sector. It deals with services "auxiliary" to air transport, namely maintenance repair and overhaul, airlines' ticket distribution, franchising, leasing, ground handling ,airport management and air navigation services.
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An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis: The Structural Gravity Model
An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis is a follow up to A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis. The Advanced Guide provides the most recent tools for analysis of trade policy using structural gravity models. Written by experts who have contributed to the development of theoretical and empirical methods in the academic gravity literature and who have rich practical experience in the field, this publication explains how to conduct partial equilibrium estimations as well as general equilibrium analysis with structural gravity models and contains practical guidance on how to apply these tools to concrete policy questions.
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Annual Report
The "Annual Report" summarises the WTO's activities and provides detailed information on the organization's structure, staff and budget.
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Blockchain and DLT in Trade
Where Do We Stand?The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digitalization in all sectors, including international trade, which remains hindered by inefficient paper-intensive processes. Of particular interest for trade digitalization are projects leveraging distributed ledger technology (DLT) – commonly referred to as Blockchain. The tamper-proof and decentralized nature of DLT makes it useful for breaking the silos that constrain international trade. Many projects that were at an exploratory stage when the first “Blockchain and DLT in Trade” publication was launched in November 2019 have matured and reached the production stage. This publication looks at the current situation. The publication updates the original “periodic table” of DLT projects in trade launched in November 2019 by the International Chamber of Commerce, the WTO and Trade Finance Global, a trade finance platform, at the WTO Global Trade and Blockchain Forum. The periodic table provides a means of differentiating between the countless initiatives, projects, consortia and companies operating in the broad space that can be described by “DLT in trade”. While no simplified diagram of the landscape can encapsulate the minutiae of each project, the table provides a starting point for understanding and analyzing the industry. This publication maps 44 projects related to trade finance, insurance, know your customer, shipping/logistics and supply chain, digitalization of trade documents and trade processes as well as other projects, such as marketplaces, and assesses their level of maturity. A new section on standardization initiatives provides an overview of projects that work towards creating digital standards relevant for trade to drive digital interoperability. The report also showcases the results of a supplementary survey analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the projects featured.
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Breves respuestas a grandes preguntas sobre la OMC y el medio ambiente
Este folleto de la División de Comercio y Medio Ambiente tiene como objetivo mejorar la comprensión del papel del comercio y las normas comerciales con respecto a las cuestiones ambientales. Busca responder, en términos fáciles de entender, algunas de las preguntas clave del debate sobre comercio y medio ambiente en lo que respecta al sistema multilateral de comercio.
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CITES and the WTO
Enhancing Cooperation for Sustainable DevelopmentThis publication illustrates how the relationship between CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and the WTO has evolved into a leading example of how global trade and environmental regimes can support each other to achieve shared objectives.
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Can blockchain revolutionize international trade?
Trade has always been shaped by technological innovation. In recent times, a new technology, Blockchain, has been greeted by many as the next big game-changer. Can Blockchain revolutionize international trade? This publication seeks to demystify the Blockchain phenomenon by providing a basic explanation of the technology. It analyses the relevance of this technology for international trade by reviewing how it is currently used or can be used in the various areas covered by WTO rules. In doing so, it provides an insight into the extent to which this technology could affect cross-border trade in goods and services, and intellectual property rights. It discusses the potential of Blockchain for reducing trade costs and enhancing supply chain transparency as well as the opportunities it provides for small-scale producers and companies. Finally, it reviews various challenges that must be addressed before the technology can be used on a wide scale and have a significant impact on international trade.
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Conferencias ministeriales de la OMC
Resultados fundamentalesLa publicación “WTO Ministerial Conferences: Key Outcomes” (Conferencias Ministeriales de la OMC: principales resultados) contiene todos los resultados más importantes de las Conferencias Ministeriales de la OMC celebradas desde el establecimiento de la Organización en 1995. El libro, en el que figura información sobre las 11 Conferencias Ministeriales que tuvieron lugar entre 1996 y 2017, incluye Decisiones y Declaraciones Ministeriales y declaraciones de los Presidentes. La publicación además reproduce resultados pertinentes de la Ronda Uruguay adoptados en relación con el establecimiento de la OMC.
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Conférences ministérielles de l’OMC
Principaux résultatsLa publication “Conférences ministérielles de l'OMC: principaux résultats” contient tous les principaux résultats des Conférences ministérielles de l'OMC depuis la création de l'Organisation en 1995. Couvrant les onze Conférences ministérielles tenues entre 1996 et 2017, les principaux résultats comprennent les décisions et déclarations ministérielles, ainsi que les déclarations des Présidents. La publication reproduit également les résultats ministériels pertinents du Cycle d'Uruguay adoptés en rapport avec l'institution de l'OMC.
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Connecting to Global Markets
Challenges and Opportunities: Case Studies Presented by WTO Chair-HoldersThis book brings together contributions from the 14 WTO chair-holders of the first phase of the WTO Chairs Programme (2010-2014). The volume is divided into four sections, focusing on export diversification, the role of non-tariff measures, the rule of law in connecting to global markets, and the role of the Aid for Trade initiative in building trade capacity and overcoming supply side constraints.
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Covid-19 Reports
The WTO reports on COVID-19 and world trade provide detailed information on the impact of the pandemic on global trade
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Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms, 5th edition
This is an accessible guide to the vocabulary used in trade negotiations. It explains about 2,500 terms and concepts in simple language. Its main emphasis is on the multilateral trading system represented by the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition it covers many of the trade-related activities, outcomes and terms used in other international organizations, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OECD. The last five years have seen a rapid spread in the formation of free-trade areas in all parts of the world. This dictionary allocates generous space to the vocabulary associated with such agreements. It offers clear explanations, for example, of the concepts used in the administration of preferential rules of origin. Additional areas covered include emerging trade issues and issues based particularly on developing-country concerns.
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Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms, 6th Edition
The dictionary is an accessible guide to the vocabulary used in trade negotiations. It explains about 3,000 terms and concepts in simple language. Its main emphasis is on the multilateral trading system represented by the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition it covers many of the trade-related activities, outcomes and terms used in other international organizations, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the OECD. The last decade has seen considerable attention devoted to trade and investment facilitation, sustainability and the formation of free-trade areas in all parts of the world. This dictionary allocates generous space to the vocabulary associated with such developments. Additional areas covered include emerging trade issues and issues based particularly on developing-country concerns.
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Estadísticas del Comercio Internacional
La publicación "Estadísticas del comercio internacional" ofrece un panorama completo de la evolución más reciente en la esfera del comercio mundial e incluye detalles del comercio de mercancías por productos y del comercio de servicios comerciales por categorías.
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Examen Estadístico del Comercio Mundial
"El Examen estadístico del comercio mundial" ofrece un análisis detallado de la evolución reciente del comercio mundial. Este informe se elaborará con carácter anual y reemplaza la anterior publicación estadística anual de la OMC, "Estadísticas del comercio internacional".
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Examen Statistique du Commerce Mondial
"L'Examen statistique du commerce mondial" présente une analyse détaillée de l'évolution la plus récente du commerce mondial. Il paraîtra tous les ans et remplace les "Statistiques du commerce international", la publication statistique annuelle précédente de l'OMC.
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Examens des Politiques Commerciales
La surveillance des politiques commerciales nationales est une activité d'une importance fondamentale pour les travaux de l'OMC. Elle repose principalement sur le Mécanisme d'examen des politiques commerciales (MEPC). Tous les Membres de l'OMC font l'objet d'un examen, dont la fréquence varie en fonction de leur part dans le commerce mondial. Pour chaque examen, deux documents sont établis: une déclaration de politique générale établie par le gouvernement visé par l'examen et un rapport détaillé rédigé de manière indépendante par le Secrétariat de l’OMC. Ces deux rapports, ainsi que les conclusions du Président de l’Organe d’examen des politiques commerciales, sont publiés peu après la réunion.
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Exámenes de las Políticas Comerciales
La vigilancia de las políticas comerciales nacionales es una actividad fundamental en la labor de la OMC. El núcleo de esta labor es el Mecanismo de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales (MEPC). Todos los Miembros de la OMC son objeto de examen, si bien la frecuencia con que se realiza el examen de cada país depende de su nivel de participación en el comercio mundial. Para cada examen se preparan dos documentos: una exposición de políticas preparada por el Gobierno del país objeto de examen y un informe detallado elaborado independientemente por la Secretaría de la OMC. Ambos informes se publican poco después del examen, junto con conclusiones del Presidente del Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales.
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GATT Disputes: 1948-1995 - Dispute Settlement Procedures (Vol. 2)
GATT disputes: 1948-1995 (Volume 2) compiles documents regarding dispute settlement procedures under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and other selected documents. It complements Volume 1, which provides a comprehensive overview of dispute settlement activities under the GATT 1947 and a one-page case summary for each of the 316 disputes brought by GATT contracting parties from 1948 to 1995, when the GATT was superseded by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The two volumes offer insights into the evolution of dispute settlement under the GATT 1947, which served as the foundation for the Dispute Settlement Understanding created by the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO.
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GATT Disputes: 1948-1995 - Overview and One-Page Case Summaries (Vol. 1)
GATT disputes: 1948-1995 (Volume 1) provides verified and factual information on disputes brought by contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) from 1948 to 1995, when the GATT was superseded by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The publication provides a comprehensive overview of dispute settlement activities under the GATT 1947 and a one-page case summary for each of the 316 GATT disputes brought by contracting parties during this period. Volume 2 of this publication covers GATT dispute settlement procedures. The two volumes offer insights into the evolution of dispute settlement under the GATT 1947, which served as the foundation for the Dispute Settlement Understanding created by the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO.
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Global Value Chain Development Report
Beyond ProductionA radical shift is underway in global value chains as they increasingly move beyond traditional manufacturing processes to services and other intangible assets. Digitization is a leading factor in this transformation, which is being accelerated by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The Global Value Chain Development Report 2021, the third of a biennial series, explores this shift Beyond Production. This report shows how the rise of services value chains offers a new path to development and how protectionism and geopolitical tensions, environmental risks, and pandemics are undermining the stability of global value chains and forcing their reorganization geographically.
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Global Value Chain Development Report 2019
Technological Innovation, Supply Chain Trade, and Workers in a Globalized WorldThis report takes stock of the evolution of global value chains (GVCs) in light of technological developments, such as robotics, big data and the Internet of Things. It discusses how these technologies are reshaping GVCs and examines the effect of these changes on labor markets in developed and developing economies and on supply chain management. The report discusses how technological developments are creating new opportunities for the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises in global value chains and reviews issues related to GVC measurement. The report is a follow-up to the first Global Value Chain Development Report, which revealed the changing nature of international trade when analyzed in terms of value chains and value-added trade.
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Global Value Chains in a Changing World
A collection of papers by some of the world’s leading specialists on global value chains (GVCs). It examines how GVCs have evolved and the challenges they face in a rapidly changing world. The approach is multidisciplinary, with contributions from economists, political scientists, supply chain management specialists, practitioners and policymakers.
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Globalization and informal jobs in developing countries
A Joint Study of the International Labour Office and the Secretariat of the World Trade OrganizationThis study focuses on the relationship between trade and the growth of the informal economy in developing countries. Based on existing academic literature, complemented with new empirical research by the ILO and the WTO, the study discusses how trade reform affects different aspects of the informal economy. It also examines how high rates of informal employment diminish the scope for developing countries to translate trade openness into sustainable long-term growth.
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Governments, Non-State Actors and Trade Policy-Making
One of the most pressing issues confronting the multilateral trade system is the challenge posed by the rapid proliferation of preferential trade agreements. Plenty has been written about why governments might choose to negotiate preferentially or multilaterally, but until now it has been written almost exclusively from the perspective of governments. We know very little about how non-state actors view this issue of ‘forum choice', nor how they position themselves to influence choices by governments about whether to emphasize PTAs or the WTO. This book addresses that issue squarely through case studies of trade policy-making and forum choice in eight developing countries: Chile, Colombia, Mexico, South Africa, Kenya, Jordan, Indonesia and Thailand. The case studies are based on original research by the authors, including interviews with state and non-state actors involved in the trade policy-making process in the eight countries of this study.
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Informe Anual
"El informe anual" de la organización a sus Miembros y al público sobre cuestiones institucionales, con inclusión de descripciones de sus principales actividades e información sobre su presupuesto y personal.
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Informe Sobre el Comercio Mundial
La principal publicación de investigación de la OMC en materia de política comercial mundial, contiene temas especiales, análisis y novedades.
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International Trade Statistics
"International Trade Statistics" provides a detailed overview of the latest developments in world trade, covering both merchandise and services trade as well as trade measured in value-added terms
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Investing in Skills for Inclusive Trade
“Investing in Skills for Inclusive Trade”, co-published by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Labour Office (ILO), focuses on the linkages between trade and skills and between trade and skills development policies. The publication argues that in the fast-changing context of globalization, where technology and trade relations evolve rapidly, the responsiveness of skills supply to demand is particularly important. Given the role of skills in productivity and in trade performance as well as in access to employment and in wage distribution, a strong emphasis on skills development is vital for both firms and workers. Drawing on the findings from relevant literature and from the ILO's Skills for Trade and Economic Diversification (STED) programme, this publication shows that appropriate skills development policies are key to helping firms participate in trade, and also to helping workers find good jobs.
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Key Issues in WTO Dispute Settlement
This book examines aspects of the operation of the WTO dispute settlement system during the first ten years of the WTO. It covers a representative cross-section of the issues and situations WTO Members have dealt with under the Dispute Settlement Understanding. The book is unique in that it includes contributions from virtually the entire gamut of actors involved in the day-to-day operation of the WTO dispute settlement system: Member government representatives, private lawyers who litigate on behalf of Member governments in the system, Appellate Body members, Appellate Body Secretariat staff, and WTO Secretariat staff. It also includes contributions from several academics who closely follow and carefully scrutinize all that goes on within the system. It therefore provides fascinating insights into how the system has operated in practice, and how the lessons of the first decade can be applied to make the system even more successful in the years to come.
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La OMC en pocas palabras
En pocas palabras, la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) es la única organización internacional que se ocupa de las normas de alcance mundial que regulan el comercio. Su principal función es velar por que las corrientes comerciales circulen con la mayor fluidez, previsibilidad y libertad posibles.
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La chaîne de blocs peut-elle révolutionner le commerce international ?
Le commerce a toujours été façonné par l’innovation technologique. Ces derniers temps, une nouvelle technologie, la chaîne de blocs, a été accueillie par beaucoup comme le prochain grand facteur de changement. La chaîne de blocs peut-elle révolutionner le commerce international ? Cette publication tente de démythifier le phénomène de la chaîne de blocs en fournissant une explication de base de cette technologie. Elle analyse sa pertinence pour le commerce international en examinant comment elle est actuellement utilisée ou peut être utilisée dans les différents domaines couverts par l’OMC. Ce faisant, elle donne une idée de la mesure dans laquelle cette technologie pourrait affecter le commerce transfrontières des biens et des services et les droits de propriété intellectuelle. Elle examine le potentiel de la chaîne de blocs de réduire les coûts du commerce et d’améliorer la transparence de la chaîne d’approvisionnement, et les possibilités qu’elle offre aux petits producteurs et aux petites entreprises. Enfin, elle passe en revue les divers défis qui doivent être relevés pour que cette technologie puisse être utilisée à grande échelle et ait un impact important sur le commerce international.
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Las mujeres y el comercio
El papel del comercio en la promoción de la igualdad de géneroEl comercio puede mejorar drásticamente la vida de las mujeres mediante la creación de nuevos puestos de trabajo, el aumento de las posibilidades de elección de los consumidores y el fortalecimiento del poder de negociación de las mujeres en la sociedad. También puede dar lugar a pérdidas de empleo y a una concentración del trabajo en ocupaciones de baja cualificación. Habida cuenta de la complejidad y especificidad de la relación entre comercio y género, es esencial evaluar las repercusiones que pueden tener las políticas comerciales tanto en las mujeres como en los hombres y elaborar políticas adecuadas y basadas en datos empíricos para garantizar que el comercio contribuya a crear mejores oportunidades para todos. La investigación sobre la igualdad de género y el comercio se ha visto constreñida por la escasez de datos y por una comprensión deficiente de la relación entre los papeles económicos que desempeñan las mujeres como trabajadoras, consumidoras y responsables de la adopción de decisiones. Basado en nuevos análisis y nuevos datos desglosados por sexo, el estudio titulado Las mujeres y el comercio: el papel del comercio en la promoción de la igualdad de género tiene por objeto avanzar en el conocimiento de la relación entre comercio e igualdad de género y determinar una serie de oportunidades que puede ofrecer el comercio para mejorar la vida de las mujeres.
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Le Règlement des Différends dans le Cadre de l'OMC: Un Différend, une Page
La publication intitulée “Un différend, une page” contient un résumé succinct des principales constatations de tous les rapports des groupes spéciaux et, le cas échéant, des rapports établis ensuite par l'Organe d'appel.
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Les 25 ans de l’OMC: Une rétrospective en photos
« Les 25 ans de l’OMC: une rétrospective en photos» rend compte de certains des moments clés de la vie de l'OMC depuis sa création le 1er janvier 1995. Plus de 150 photos illustrent les travaux menés par l'Organisation au cours du dernier quart de siècle, témoignant de 25 années de défis, de réussites et de persévérance.
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Les accords de l'OMC
L’Accord de Marrakech instituant l’Organisation mondiale du commerce et ses AnnexesLa présente publication contient le texte de l'accord fondateur de l'OMC, l'Accord de Marrakech de 1994 instituant l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), ainsi que ses Annexes, y compris tous les amendements et ajouts depuis son entrée en vigueur jusqu'en septembre 2017. Ceux-ci comprennent notamment un amendement à l'accord de l'OMC sur la propriété intellectuelle (Accord sur les ADPIC) visant à améliorer l'accès des pays en développement aux médicaments, l'Accord de l'OMC sur la facilitation des échanges, entré en vigueur en février 2017, un amendement adopté en 2017 visant à augmenter l'intervalle entre les cycles d'examen par les pairs au titre du Mécanisme d'examen des politiques commerciales à partir de 2019 et l'Accord amendé sur les marchés publics. Cette publication met à jour et remplace Les textes juridiques: Résultats des négociations commerciales multilatérales du Cycle d'Uruguay, publiés pour la première fois en 1994.
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Les femmes et le commerce
Le rôle du commerce dans la promotion de l'égalité hommes-femmesLe commerce peut améliorer considérablement la vie des femmes en créant de nouveaux emplois, en améliorant les choix en matière de consommation et en renforçant le pouvoir de négociation des femmes dans la société. Il peut également donner lieu à des suppressions d’emploi et à une concentration des travailleurs dans des emplois peu qualifiés. Étant donné la complexité et la spécificité de la relation entre le commerce et les questions de genre, il est essentiel d’évaluer l’incidence potentielle de la politique commerciale tant sur les femmes que sur les hommes et de concevoir des politiques adaptées et fondées sur des données probantes pour garantir que le commerce contribue à renforcer les possibilités de tout un chacun. Les travaux de recherche sur l’égalité hommes-femmes et le commerce ont été restreints par des données limitées et un manque de compréhension des liens entre les rôles économiques que les femmes jouent dans le travail, la consommation et la prise de décisions. Sur la base de nouvelles analyses et de données ventilées par sexe, Les femmes et le commerce : Le rôle du commerce dans la promotion de l’égalité hommes-femmes vise à faire mieux comprendre la relation entre le commerce et l’égalité hommes-femmes et à identifier les possibilités que le commerce peut offrir pour améliorer la vie des femmes.
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Los 25 años de la OMC: Una retrospectiva fotográfica
"25 años de la OMC: retrospectiva fotográfica": plasma algunos de los momentos clave en la vida de la OMC desde su creación el 1 de enero de 1995. Más de 150 fotografías exponen la labor de la Organización a lo largo del último cuarto de siglo y capturan 25 años de desafíos, éxitos y perseverancia.
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Los Acuerdos de la OMC
El Acuerdo de Marrakech por el que se establece la Organización Mundial del Comercio y sus AnexosLa presente publicación contiene el texto del acuerdo fundacional de la OMC, el Acuerdo de Marrakech por el que se establece la Organización Mundial del Comercio, de 1994, y sus Anexos, con inclusión de todas las modificaciones y adiciones desde su entrada en vigor hasta septiembre de 2017. Entre ellas se encuentran una enmienda del acuerdo de la OMC sobre propiedad intelectual (Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC), destinada a mejorar el acceso de los países en desarrollo a los medicamentos, el Acuerdo sobre Facilitación del Comercio de la OMC, que entró en vigor en febrero de 2017, además de una enmienda adoptada en 2017 para ampliar los plazos entre los exámenes por homólogos realizados en el marco del Mecanismo de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales a partir de 2019 y el Acuerdo sobre Contratación Pública revisado. La presente publicación actualiza y sustituye a Los Textos Jurídicos: Los Resultados de la Ronda Uruguay de Negociaciones Comerciales Multilaterales, título publicado por primera vez en 1994.
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L’OMC en bref
En bref, l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) est la seule organisation internationale qui s’occupe des règles régissant le commerce entre les pays. Sa principale fonction est de favoriser autant que possible la bonne marche, la prévisibilité et la liberté des échanges.
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Mainstreaming Trade to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals
The WTO is central to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which set targets to be achieved by 2030 in areas such as poverty reduction, health, education and the environment. The SDGs put significant emphasis on the role that trade plays in promoting sustainable development and recognize the contribution that the WTO can make to the 2030 Agenda. By delivering and implementing trade reforms which are pro-growth and pro-development, and by continuing to foster stable, predictable and equitable trading relations across the world, the WTO will play an important role in delivering the Sustainable Development Goals, just as it did with the Millennium Development Goals before them. This report identifies steps which would help to ensure that international trade contributes to accelerating progress in achieving the SDGs
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Making Globalization More Inclusive
Lessons from experience with adjustment policiesPolicies aimed at helping workers adjust to the impact of trade or technological changes can provide a helping hand to the workforce and increase the benefits of open trade and new technologies. This publication contributes to the discussion on how governments can help make international trade more inclusive and ensure that the benefits of open trade are spread more widely.
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Making Globalization Socially Sustainable
Globalization is widely seen as a powerful engine that has the potential to promote growth and development but concerns have been raised about the effects of globalization on jobs and wages. This book, co-published by the International Labour Office and the World Trade Organization, discusses ways of making globalization socially sustainable.
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Making Trade Work for the Environment, Prosperity and Resilience
International trade offers unique opportunities to help tackle mounting environmental challenges while fostering economic and social prosperity. This new co-publication by the World Trade Organization and UN Environment illustrates how trade can support action by governments, companies, innovators and consumers to improve economies and protect the environment at the same time.
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Mettre le commerce au service de l’environnement, de la prospérité et de la résilience
Le commerce international offre des possibilités uniques pour aider à relever des défis environnementaux toujours plus pressants, tout en favorisant la prospérité économique et sociale. Cette nouvelle publication conjointe de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce et d’ONU Environnement montre comment le commerce peut soutenir l’action des pouvoirs publics, des entreprises, des innovateurs et des consommateurs en vue de renforcer les économies et de protéger l’environnement.
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Multilateralizing Regionalism
Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have proliferated around the world in the past two decades, and now nearly all members of the WTO are party to at least one. Besides tariffs and rules of origin regulating trade in goods, many RTAs now include provisions on services, investments, technical barriers to trade and competition rules, as well as a host of issues not directly related to trade. The geographic reach of RTAs is expanding, with transcontinental agreements spreading forcefully alongside intra-regional agreements. ‘Multilateralizing Regionalism’ was the title of a major conference held from 10–12 September 2007 at the WTO in Geneva. Brought together in this publication, the conference papers achieve two things. First, they marshall detailed, new empirical work on the nature of the ‘Spaghetti Bowl’ and the problems it poses for the multilateral trade system. Second, they contribute fresh and creative thinking on how to ‘tame the tangle’ of regional trade agreements.
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Opening Markets for International Trade in Services
A unique comparison of how service trade negotiations have evolved on the regional/bilateral level and at the WTO.
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Overview of Developments in the International Trading Environment: Annual Report by the Director-General
This annual report by the Director-General looks at the latest trade policy measures undertaken by WTO members and observers. These includes measures that facilitate as well as restrict the flow of trade. It is one of two trade monitoring reports published each year covering the whole WTO membership. This trade monitoring function is overseen by the WTO's Trade Policy Review Body.
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Perfiles Arancelarios en el Mundo
Los "Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo" ofrecen una información exhaustiva sobre las medidas arancelarias y no arancelarias impuestas por 0 país y territorio aduanero. Se trata de una publicación conjunta de la OMC, el Centro de Comercio Internacional (ITC) y la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD).
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Perfiles Comerciales
La publicación Perfiles Comerciales presenta instantáneas de dos páginas con los indicadores más relevantes del comercio de mercancías, los servicios y la propiedad intelectual correspondientes a más de 200 economías, entre las que se encuentran todos los Miembros de la OMC.
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Poner el comercio al servicio del medio ambiente, la prosperidad y la resiliencia
El comercio internacional ofrece oportunidades únicas para ayudar a hacer frente a los crecientes desafíos ambientales, impulsando a la vez la prosperidad económica y social. Esta nueva publicación conjunta de la Organización Mundial del Comercio y de ONU-Medio Ambiente pone de manifiesto cómo el comercio puede respaldar la acción de los Gobiernos, las empresas, los innovadores y los consumidores para mejorar las economías y proteger el medio ambiente al mismo tiempo.
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Profils Commerciaux
La publication Profils commerciaux présente des aperçus de deux pages des indicateurs les plus pertinents concernant le commerce des marchandises, les services et la propriété intellectuelle pour plus de 200 économies, y compris tous les Membres de l'OMC.
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Profils Tarifaires dans le Monde
Les “Profils tarifaires dans le monde” donnent des renseignements détaillés sur les droits de douane et les mesures non tarifaires appliqués par pays et territoires douaniers. Publication conjointe de l'OMC, du Centre du commerce international (ITC) et de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED).
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Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation
Intersections Between Public Health, Intellectual Property and TradePromoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation examines the interplay between public health, trade and intellectual property, and how these policy domains affect medical innovation and access to medical technologies. Co-published by the World Health Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the WTO, the study draws together the three Secretariats respective areas of expertise.
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Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation, 2nd Edition
Intersections between Public Health, Intellectual Property and TradeMedical technologies – medicines, vaccines and medical devices – are essential for public health. Access to essential medicines and the lack of research to address neglected diseases have been a major concern for many years. To promote innovation and to ensure equitable access to all vital medical technologies, policy-makers need a clear understanding of the innovation processes that lead to new technologies and of the ways in which these technologies are disseminated in health systems. This study seeks to reinforce the understanding of the interplay between the distinct policy domains of health, trade and intellectual property, and of how they affect medical innovation and access to medical technologies. This collaborative effort by the World Health Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization draws together the three Secretariats’ respective areas of expertise. The study is intended to inform ongoing technical cooperation activities undertaken by the three organizations and to support policy discussions. It has been prepared to serve the needs of policy-makers, as well as lawmakers, government officials, delegates to international organizations, non-governmental organizations and researchers. The second edition comprehensively reviews the existing material and captures new developments in key areas since the initial launch of the study in 2013. Among the new topics covered by the study are antimicrobial resistance and cuttingedge health technologies. The second edition provides updated data on health, innovation trends in the pharmaceutical sector, and trade and tariffs. It includes an updated overview of access to medical technologies globally and key provisions in free trade agreements, and takes account of developments in IP legislation and jurisprudence.
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Rapport Annuel
"Rapport annuel" de l'Organisation à l'intention de ses Membres et du grand public sur les questions institutionnelles, y compris des descriptions de ses principales activités et des renseignements sur son budget et son personnel.
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Rapport sur le Commerce Mondial
Principale publication de recherche de l'OMC sur la politique commerciale mondiale (thèmes de réflexion, analyses et faits nouveaux).
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Regional Rules on the Global Trading System
The proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) over the past two decades has highlighted the need to look closely at the potential conflicts between regional and WTO rules or disciplines. A major obstacle to advancing understanding of RTAs is the absence of detailed information about their contents. This has limited the debate between those who view RTAs as discriminatory instruments hostage to protectionist interests and those who see them as conducive to multilateral trade opening. This book provides detailed analysis of RTA rules in six key areas - market access, technical barriers to trade, contingent protection, investment, services and competition policy - across dozens of the main RTAs in the world. The analysis helps to provide new insights into the interplay between regional and multilateral trade rules, advances understanding of the economic effects of RTAs and contributes to the discussion on how to deal with the burgeoning number of RTAs.
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Regional Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System
This volume contains a collection of studies examining trade-related issues negotiated in regional trade agreements (RTAs) and how RTAs are related to the WTO's rules. While previous work has focused on subsets of RTAs, these studies are based on what is probably the largest dataset used to date, and highlight key issues that have been negotiated in all RTAs notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). New rules within RTAs are compared to rules agreed upon by WTO members. The extent of their divergences and the potential implications for parties to RTAs, as well as for WTO members that are not parties to RTAs, are examined. This volume makes an important contribution to the current debate on the role of the WTO in regulating international trade and how WTO rules relate to new rules being developed by RTAs.
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Report on G20 Trade Measures
This report looks at the latest trade policy measures undertaken by G20 countries. These includes measures that facilitate as well as restrict the flow of trade. The Report is published twice a year. This trade monitoring function is overseen by the WTO's Trade Policy Review Body.
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Report to the TPRB from the Director-General on Trade-Related Developments
This report by the Director-General looks at the latest trade policy measures undertaken by WTO members and observers. These includes measures that facilitate as well as restrict the flow of trade. It is one of two trade monitoring reports published each year covering the whole WTO membership. This trade monitoring function is overseen by the WTO's Trade Policy Review Body.
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Réponses courtes aux grandes questions sur l’OMC et l’environnement
Cette brochure de la Division du commerce et de l’environnement vise à améliorer la compréhension du rôle du commerce et des règles commerciales en ce qui concerne les questions environnementales. Il cherche à répondre, dans des termes faciles à comprendre, à certaines des questions clés du débat sur le commerce et l’environnement en ce qui concerne le système commercial multilatéral.
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Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement
10 Key Results from 2020A new booklet launched on 27 July highlights strong engagement from WTO members at all levels of development in transparency and prevention of trade disputes. The information contained in the booklet is based on the 2020 review of members’ implementation of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the “SPS Agreement”).
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Serie de Acuerdos de la OMC
Los Acuerdos de la OMC son el fundamento jurídico del sistema internacional de comercio en el que participan la mayoría de las naciones. Esta serie es una colección de material de referencia de utilidad práctica sobre algunos acuerdos.
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Services Profiles
"Services Profiles" provides key statistics on infrastructure services, i.e. transportation, telecommunications, finance and insurance, for over 150 economies. This series of publications has been integrated into the "Trade Profiles" series since 2016.
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Short Answers to Big Questions on the WTO and the Environment
This booklet by the Trade and Environment Division aims at improving understanding of the role of trade and trade rules with regards to environmental issues. It seeks to answer, in easy-to-understand terms, some of the key questions of the trade and environment debate as they relate to the multilateral trading system.
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Solución de Diferencias en la OMC: Resúmenes de una Página por Caso
Resúmenes de una página por caso ofrece un breve resumen de las principales constataciones contenidas en cada uno de los informes de los grupos especiales publicados y en el informe del Órgano de Apelación posterior, si procede.
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Statistiques du Commerce International
Les “Statistiques du commerce international” présente un aperçu détaillé de l'évolution la plus récente du commerce mondial, donnant des renseignements détaillés sur le commerce des marchandises par produit et sur le Commerce des services commerciaux.
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Status of WTO Legal Instruments
"Status of WTO Legal Instruments" covers the legal instruments drawn up by WTO members in relation to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization and the plurilateral trade agreements annexed to that Agreement.
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Strengthening Africa’s Capacity to Trade
Open global trade has had positive effects for African industrialization and development. Keeping markets open and predictable, as well as fostering a more generally favourable business environment, will be critical to spur renewed investment in Africa and support the continent’s economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This report looks at efforts to help African countries build capacity and to take fuller advantage of the benefits that trade brings. It examines various activities and projects the WTO is implementing in the continent, including in the areas of trade facilitation, compliance with sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, and capacity building for trade and production. The report also looks into projects aimed at mainstreaming trade into the national development strategies of African countries. International cooperation, a multilaterally coordinated response to the COVID-19 crisis and a reinvigorated multilateral trading system have the potential to lessen the effects of the pandemic and bolster Africa’s economic growth.
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Supply Chain Perspectives and Issues
A Literature ReviewGlobal value chains (GVCs) have become ubiquitous. The literature that attempts to understand and explain GVCs is vast, multidisciplinary and no less complex than the phenomenon itself. This volume is an ambitious attempt at a fairly comprehensive review of literature on the subject.
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Série des Accords de l'OMC
Les Accords de l'OMC sont le fondement juridique du système commercial international utilisé par la majorité des nations commerçantes du monde. selected Agreements.
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Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO
The procedures and practices to implement the provisions relating to tariff negotiations and renegotiations have evolved considerably since the GATT was established in 1947. The provisions themselves have undergone some changes in the last fifty-four years. Professor Hoda reviews the evolution of these provisions and of the procedures adopted and practices followed by the contracting parties to GATT 1947 and the Members of the WTO. He goes on to offer some conclusions and recommendations. This book will be of particular interest to negotiators including Geneva based delegations, members of government trade ministries, economists, and all academics who specialise in trade policy.
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Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO
Procedures and Practices, 2nd EditionOver the past seven decades, since the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established in 1947, there has been a phenomenal increase in international trade in goods, largely due to sustained efforts by the world’s main trading nations to reduce and eliminate tariff barriers in a multilaterally orchestrated manner. This publication reviews how the procedures and practices relating to tariff negotiations and renegotiations have evolved over this time. In particular, this new edition recounts how negotiations to expand the duty-free coverage of the Information Technology Agreement were concluded and provides an account of tariff renegotiations regarding successive enlargements of the European Union. It also covers tariff negotiations for the accession of a number of new members to the WTO, such as China and Russia. This book will be of particular interest to negotiators, members of government, trade ministries, economists and academics specialized in trade policy.
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Tariff Profiles
The Tariff Profiles provide information on the market access situation of members, observers and other selected economies.
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The First Ten Years of the WTO
This book was commissioned by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a factual account of the first decade of its existence. It aims to cover the principal activities of the WTO as the successor to GATT and the steps taken to establish a global trading system. Peter Gallagher, the author, is an independent trade analyst and consultant, who records what might be regarded as the WTO's main achievements as well as describing the controversies that have arisen in its first ten years. A useful reference book for policy makers, journalists, members of trade delegations and for everyone who requires a detailed understanding of the workings of the WTO.
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The Future of Trade: The Challenges of Convergence
Report of the Panel on Defining the Future of Trade convened by WTO Director-General Pascal LamyThe Panel on Defining the Future of Trade was established in 2012 to examine and analyse challenges to global trade opening in the 21st century. The Report looks at trade patterns and what it means to open global trade in the 21st century, bearing in mind the role of trade in contributing to sustainable development, growth, jobs and poverty alleviation
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The History and Future of the World Trade Organization
The History and Future of the World Trade Organization is a comprehensive account of the economic, political and legal issues surrounding the creation of the WTO and its evolution. Fully illustrated with colour and black-and-white photos dating back to the early days of trade negotiations, the publication reviews the WTO's achievements as well as the challenges faced by the organization, and identifies the key questions that WTO members need to address in the future.
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The Making of the TRIPS Agreement
Personal Insights from the Uruguay Round NegotiationsA comprehensive account of the establishment of the World Trade Organization, focusing on those who shaped its creation as well as those who have influenced its evolution. The book examines trade negotiations, the WTO’s dispute settlement role, the presence of coalitions and groupings within the WTO, the process of joining the organization and many other topics, including what lies ahead for the organization.
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