Executive summary

Renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-derived commodities – such as ammonia, methanol and e-kerosene – are expected to play important roles in the energy transition. While most energy consumption can be met using renewable electricity or biofuels by 2050 (IRENA, 2023a), the use of renewable hydrogen and its derived commodities will be required in hard-to-abate sectors, including in industry as feedstocks (e.g. chemical manufacturing, fertiliser production, refining, steel manufacture) and heavy-duty transport as e-fuels (e.g. in maritime transport and aviation). Their use may account for around 14% of final energy consumption in 2050 (IRENA, 2023a).