Economic research and trade policy analysis
Acerca de esta publicación
Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo es una publicación conjunta de la OMC, el ITC y la UNCTAD que se ocupa del acceso a los mercados para las mercancías. En la publicación, de carácter anual, se ofrece información completa sobre las medidas arancelarias y no arancelarias impuestas por más de 170 países y territorios aduaneros, incluidos algunos que no forman parte de la OMC, si las bases de datos de la OMC, el ITC o la UNCTAD contienen información sobre los aranceles aplicados por ellos en 2022 ó 2021.
Introducción
Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo es una publicación conjunta de la OMC, el ITC y la UNCTAD dedicada al acceso a los mercados para las mercancías.
Agradecimientos
Queremos dar las gracias a todas las instituciones que han suministrado datos, incluidas las notificaciones que figuran en el tema especial, sobre todo a las administraciones nacionales o las delegaciones ante la OMC que han facilitado toda esta información.
¿Cuál es el papel de la OMC?
La OMC tiene un papel importante que desempeñar en la gobernanza de la IA.
Resumen
El efecto generalizado y transformador que la inteligencia artificial (IA) está teniendo actualmente en la sociedad es perceptible en todos los ámbitos, desde el trabajo, la producción y el comercio hasta el arte y las actividades de ocio.
Résumé analytique
L’incidence généralisée et l’effet transformateur que l’intelligence artificielle (IA) a actuellement sur la société se font sentir dans tous les domaines, allant du travail, de la production et du commerce à la santé, aux arts et aux activités de loisirs.
Trade and income convergence
The past quarter of a century has witnessed an unprecedented level of income convergence, accompanied by the integration of many developing economies into global markets. Despite this, some economies have been left behind. This chapter discusses how the participation of developing economies in global trade and investment flows can accelerate structural transformation and enhance productivity growth, thereby helping lowand middle-income economies to achieve the economic growth that ensures convergence with high-income economies. The chapter also examines why some economies have taken little advantage of globalization, and focuses on barriers to maximizing the gains from trade participation, such as trade costs and commodity dependence. Finally, the chapter discusses how recent trends in the global economy are shaping future opportunities and challenges for developing economies to leverage trade and foreign direct investment for economic growth, and which policies can help to achieve convergence in the upcoming decade.
Note
WTO members are frequently referred to as “countries”, although some members are not countries in the usual sense of the word but are officially “customs territories”.
Conclusions
Over the past 30 years, the world has witnessed a period of unprecedented income convergence, accompanied by a steep reduction in poverty, but inequality remains high.
Inclusive trade and international cooperation
This chapter discusses how the multilateral trading system has helped some economies to take advantage of trade to further their development, but has not succeeded in helping others to harness trade for growth and considers what could be done to ensure that the WTO leaves no economy behind. It also examines the effect of the WTO on how the benefits of trade are shared out within economies, and discusses how the WTO and trade can be made more inclusive for people and firms. Finally, the chapter outlines the areas in which work at the WTO could be coordinated with work at other international organizations to help make trade more inclusive, such as by enhancing infrastructure and digital connectivity to bridge the digital gap or by ensuring coherence between trade and environmental policies.
Executive summary
Never before have the living conditions and prospects of so many people changed so dramatically in the space of a few decades.
Trade and inclusiveness within economies
Trade has raised aggregate welfare and reduced poverty without necessarily raising inequality in many economies, but the impact of trade is more complex for individuals. People may benefit from cheaper prices, larger variety and export opportunities, but they may also face increased competition and may, therefore, either gain or lose from trade. This chapter reviews why, although most people gain from trade, some suffer losses. These losses can be aggravated by distortions and barriers, such as mobility costs or monopolies, that tend to impact more vulnerable groups disproportionately, and may prevent them from adjusting to import competition and accessing export opportunities. The chapter also examines why using restrictive trade policy to redistribute gains from trade is often unsuccessful and can have unintended consequences, such as retaliation by trade partners. In contrast, domestic policies, such as education and social protection, are more effective in addressing inequality. Their importance is likely to grow as the digital revolution, climate change and geopolitics continue to shape the distributional impacts of trade.