Economic research and trade policy analysis
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Foreword
Trade in food is difficult to imagine without standards. Food standards give confidence to consumers in the safety, quality and authenticity of what they eat. By setting down a common understanding on different aspects of food for consumers, producers and governments, standards enable trade to take place. If every government applies different food standards, trade is more costly, and it is more difficult to ensure that food is safe and meets consumers' expectations.
Merchandise trade, volume (real) terms, 2009
World merchandise trade in volume terms (i.e. excluding the influence of prices and exchange rates) fell by 12.2 per cent in 2009. This was well below the 2.1 per cent increase for 2008, and significantly lower than the 10 year average increase of 4.1 per cent. The drop in trade was also larger than the 2.3 per cent decline in GDP for 2009, which is not surprising since world trade generally grows faster than GDP when output is accelerating and declines more when output slows.
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Avertissement
Tous les avis donnés dans le présent dictionnaire sur les Accords, les dispositions et les rapports des groupes spéciaux et de l'Organe d'appel de l'OMC, ou sur tout autre renseignement fourni par l'OMC relèvent de la seule responsabilité de l'auteur.
Préface
Le Dictionnaire des termes de politique commerciale en est à sa sixième édition. Il a encore grossi et compte désormais plus de 3000 entrées et renvois. Bon nombre de ces entrées sont nouvelles.
Executive summary
The crisis in Ukraine has created a humanitarian crisis of immense proportions and has also dealt a severe blow to the global economy. The brunt of the suffering and destruction are being felt by the people of Ukraine themselves but the costs in terms of reduced trade and output are likely to be felt by people around the world through higher food and energy prices and reduced availability of goods exported by Russia and Ukraine. Poorer countries are at high risk from the war, since they tend to spend a larger fraction of their incomes on food compared to richer countries. This could impact political stability.
Multilateral system: mitigating the effects of the crisis and preparing for a post-war global economy
First, the war in Ukraine is impacting the whole world. As such, it is not a local war with local effects only. It therefore needs to be viewed and treated in the context of global trade and development. This is likely to result in a move for reshoring, near-shoring and for ‘friend-shoring’ – either making strategically important goods at home or procuring them from allies. This will have implications for global trade and development.
Prefacio
El Diccionario de Términos de Política Comercial ha llegado a su sexta edición. Su tamaño ha vuelto a aumentar. En la actualidad contiene más de 3.000 entradas y referencias cruzadas, muchas de ellas nuevas. En otros casos, los cambios que se han producido desde la elaboración de la edición anterior han exigido que se reformulara completamente la entrada. Ha sido necesario actualizar otras muchas en mayor o menor medida. He intentado ser razonablemente exhaustivo, pero no cabe duda de que siempre podría incluirse algo más.
Holistic use of technologies for Smart Customs of the future
2021 has highlighted the critical role that Customs play in enabling global trade. To make the global supply chains of the future more efficient, Smart Customs have to minimize Customs clearance time and costs, while intelligently managing inbound and outbound goods and vehicles. Disruptive technologies such as IoT devices are enabling autonomous equipment to drive effective monitoring of cargo and tracking of journeys.
Foreword by the WTO Director General
We live in a time of rapid technological change that has the possibility of profoundly altering the conduct of international trade. For many people keeping up to date with the latest technology and fully understanding its implications can be daunting. This report will help illuminate the so-called “disruptive technologies” that are most relevant to border management, as well as assist governments to better understand the challenges and benefits of their use by Customs.