Trade monitoring
Supply chains and trade in value-added
The increasing importance of global supply chains challenges the way statistics on trade are collected. Statistics on international trade flows are measured in gross terms and, hence, record the value of intermediate inputs traded along the value chain multiple times. Trade in global supply chains can be measured using firm surveys, customs statistics that record trade flows under special schemes of tariff reduction or exemption, or the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) classifying goods as being intermediate or final. Because of several limitations associated with these methods, however, using input-output tables has become the preferred method for measuring trade in global supply chains. They are used to compute the value of imported inputs embodied in goods that are exported. A more complete measure of a country’s participation in global value chains combines foreign value-added in exports (upstream links) with exports that are incorporated in other products and re-exported (downstream links). Estimates of the ratio of valueadded exports to gross exports suggests that the double counting in gross trade flows, and hence international production sharing, has intensified in recent years, especially for fast growing countries undergoing structural transformation. Relying on national inputoutput tables, however, has its limitations. Combining it with bilateral trade data is difficult because there is no standard international classification, the level of sectoral aggregation is often different and their publication is infrequent. On-going efforts from the international statistics community to estimate trade in value-added go beyond the limitations of the input-output approach.
Coopération avec les autres organisations internationales
En 2016, l’OMC a coopéré avec d’autres organisations intergouvernementales sur de nombreuses questions relatives au commerce. Le Directeur général, Roberto Azevêdo, a participé à des activités organisées par les Nations Unies, la Banque mondiale et le Fonds monétaire international, et il a assisté au Sommet du G-20 à Hangzhou (Chine). L’OMC a continué à publier des rapports sur les mesures relatives au commerce et à l’investissement adoptées par le G-20, conjointement avec la CNUCED et l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE).
Relations with non-governmental organizations
In 2009, relations with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were further developed through a variety of initiatives. These included the annual WTO Public Forum, regular NGO briefings organized by the WTO Secretariat, NGO activities during the Seventh Ministerial Conference and the extension of the 2008 pilot project granting local NGOs permanent access to the WTO building.
Agradecimientos
Esta publicación se realizó bajo la dirección de Hubert Escaith, Estadístico Jefe y Andreas Maurer, Jefe de la Sección de Estadísticas del Comercio Internacional. La coordinación y la producción de cuadros, gráficos y mapas fue realizada por Ninez Piezas-Jerbi, con la colaboración de Coleman Nee y Anna-Sophia Fuss. En la investigación estadística, la recopilación de datos y el cálculo de las estimaciones participaron Barbara d’Andrea-Adrian, Alejandra Barajas Barbosa, Sanja Blazevic, Lori Chang, Christophe Degain, Florian Eberth, Aude Lanois, Antonella Liberatore, Coleman Nee, Ninez Piezas-Jerbi y Ying Yan.
Introduction
Le Mécanisme d’examen des politiques commerciales (MEPC) a été établi à titre expérimental par les parties contractantes du GATT en avril 1989. Il est devenu un élément permanent de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce en vertu de l’Accord de Marrakech qui a institué cette organisation en janvier 1995.
Report by the WTO Secretariat
Korea’s export-driven economy has rebounded from the global financial crisis that erupted around the time of its previous Trade Policy Review in 2008. This rebound is the result of the revival of trade world-wide and supportive macroeconomic and financial policies, including the largest fiscal stimulus among OECD countries, as well as accommodative monetary policy and a sharp depreciation of the exchange rate of the won during the latter part of 2008. The rebound was, by and large, achieved without resorting to restrictive trade measures; on the contrary, Korea has instead opened its market further to international trade through major bilateral free-trade agreements. The strong recovery in exports is such that Korea is now the world’s seventh largest exporter, up from twelfth in 2008.
Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS)
Access to medicines for the poorest countries, promotion of transparency and leastdeveloped countries’ needs for assistance were some of the topics discussed by the TRIPS Council in 2011 as part of its regular review of intellectual property matters in the WTO’s member countries. The Council also discussed particular concerns raised by individual countries, such as Australia’s plain packaging bill for tobacco products.