Trade monitoring

The process of globalization has furthered economic growth and development in many cases, but concerns have been expressed as to its sustainability from a social point of view. There are indications that in developed countries, globalization has increased inequality of labour-market outcomes. While some developing countries have managed to take advantage of the opportunities created by the globalization process, others have not. This chapter discusses the role of education and skill policies in helping individuals and societies profit from globalization, thereby increasing the social sustainability of the globalization process.

En 2012, la coopération avec les établissements universitaires a été axée sur trois activités principales: l’examen à mi-parcours du Programme des chaires de l’OMC (PCO), la réunion annuelle des parties prenantes du PCO et le parrainage des projets d’universités ne bénéficiant pas du PCO. Cinquante-quatre activités ont été menées à l’appui d’établissements universitaires de pays en développement et de pays moins avancés: conférences, parrainage de projets universitaires, séminaires régionaux et nationaux, participation à des conférences universitaires, visites d’étude à l’OMC et dons de publications de l’OMC à des universités.

Many unskilled labour-intensive production tasks began to be offshored by advanced country firms to developing countries, where low-cost but relatively unskilled labour imparted a comparative advantage, essentially in final assembly operations, combined with institutions that could absorb firm-specific technological know-how. This profitable international production fragmentation became feasible with the onset of the information and communications technology (ICT) revolution, which enabled the coordination of spatially dispersed complex tasks at a relatively low cost. The growth of global supply chains has changed the distribution of incomes across countries. Participation in these supply chains, initiated by the successful completion of low value-added manufacturing tasks, contributed to industrialisation and high rates of economic growth in several Asian developing economies. The process of catch-up with developed economies is likely to get stronger as many of these countries seek to move up the value chain through their exposure to advanced technologies (made available by the offshoring process) and build up human capital. At the same time, the continued exclusion of several developing economies from global supply chains, such as those in Africa, means that the gap among countries in the developing world could widen. The international fragmentation of production has also affected the distribution of incomes within countries. In advanced economies, the direct, negative effect of production fragmentation on employment and wages for lowand semi-skilled workers is the primary concern. In developing economies, production fragmentation is likely to create jobs for a large pool of unskilled labour. However, because a relatively unskilled activity in a developed economy may be a relatively skilled one in a developing economy, offshoring may increase the demand for (and returns on) skilled labour among developing economies. These distribution effects, both across and within countries, are likely to affect trade policy, and consequently, the evolution of supply chains.