Market access

The statistics related to applied tariffs and imports are calculated using data which are based on the HS nomenclature adopted by the country for the reference year. For statistics on bound tariffs, the calculations are based on the approved schedule of concessions of the WTO member. In previous issues of World Tariff Profiles, each schedule is based on the HS version which the member used when it acceded to the WTO. Starting with the 2010 issue of this publication, bound tariff statistics are based on the approved schedule of concessions for each member in the most recent HS version. This might have some implications on the historical series of various bound tariff indicators affected by the use of a different nomenclature. While the member’s commitments have not changed as a result of the transposition, some aggregate statistics might have been affected as a consequence of the change to another HS version.

Las estadísticas relativas a los aranceles aplicados y las importaciones se calculan utilizando datos basados en la nomenclatura del SA adoptada por el país para el año de referencia. Para las estadísticas relativas a los aranceles consolidados, los cálculos se basan en la Lista de concesiones aprobada del Miembro de la OMC. En las anteriores ediciones de la publicación Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo, cada Lista se basaba en la versión del SA que el Miembro utilizaba en el momento de su adhesión a la OMC. A partir de la edición de 2010, las estadísticas de los aranceles consolidados se basan en la Lista de concesiones aprobada de cada Miembro conforme a la versión más reciente del SA. Esto puede tener algunas consecuencias en la serie histórica de diversos indicadores de aranceles consolidados que se ven afectados por el uso de una nomenclatura diferente. Aunque los compromisos del Miembro no hayan cambiado como resultado de la transposición, algunas estadísticas agregadas pueden verse afectadas como consecuencia del cambio a otra versión del SA.

Queremos dar las gracias a todas las instituciones que han suministrado datos, incluidas las notificaciones que figuran en el tema especial, sobre todo a las administraciones nacionales o las delegaciones ante la OMC que han facilitado toda esta información. En algunos casos, los datos se han facilitado en sitios web nacionales o a través de organizaciones regionales. Dada la enorme cantidad de datos y metadatos estadísticos que ha sido necesario procesar, y debido a que esa información no se encuentra en una única organización, la presente publicación solo ha sido posible como esfuerzo conjunto de la OMC, el ITC y la UNCTAD. Cada una de estas tres organizaciones posee una reconocida experiencia en actividades de análisis arancelario y una destacada pericia en la materia.

Acknowledgements are due to all the data providers, mostly national administrations or WTO delegations who have made this information available including through notifications presented as a special topic. In a number of cases, data has been made available on national websites or through regional organizations. Given the vast amount of statistical data and metadata that needed to be processed, and because this information is not available in one single organization, this publication was only possible as a joint effort of the WTO, ITC, and UNCTAD. Each of the three organizations has a proven track record and comparative strengths in the field of tariff analysis.

Les auteurs tiennent à remercier tous ceux qui ont communiqué des données y compris les notifications figurant dans le sujet spécial, principalement les administrations des pays/territoires et les délégations auprès de l'OMC. Dans certains cas, les données ont été mises à disposition sur les sites Web des pays/territoires ou par l'intermédiaire d'organisations régionales. Vu le grand nombre de données statistiques et de métadonnées qu'il fallait traiter, et comme celles-ci n'étaient pas disponibles au sein d'une seule organisation, cette publication n'a été possible que grâce aux efforts conjoints de l'OMC, de l'ITC et de la CNUCED. Les trois organisations possèdent chacune une expérience reconnue et des avantages comparatifs dans le domaine de l'analyse tarifaire.

The World Tariff Profiles is a joint publication of the WTO, ITC and UNCTAD devoted to market access for goods. This statistical yearbook contains a comprehensive compilation of the main tariff parameters for each of the 164 WTO members plus other countries and customs territories where data is available. Each tariff profile presents information on tariffs imposed by each economy on its imports complemented with an analysis of the market access conditions it faces in its major export markets.

Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo es una publicación conjunta de la OMC, el ITC y la UNCTAD dedicada al acceso a los mercados para las mercancías. Este anuario estadístico contiene una amplia compilación de los principales parámetros arancelarios para cada uno de los 164 Miembros de la OMC, así como de otros países y territorios aduaneros. El perfil de cada país presenta información sobre los aranceles que cada economía impone a sus importaciones y se complementa con un análisis de las condiciones de acceso a los mercados en sus principales mercados de exportación.

El 02 de septiembre de 2011, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Estados Unidos - Medidas que afectan a la producción y venta de cigarrillos de clavo de olor”.

Le 30 septembre 2015, l’OMC a publié un rapport de groupe spécial sur le différend “Argentine — Mesures concernant le commerce des marchandises et des services” (DS453)

On 30 December 1994, India requested consultations with the United States concerning the transitional safeguard measure imposed by the United States. India claimed that the safeguard measure is inconsistent with Articles 2, 6 and 8 of the ATC.

On 3 May 1995, the US requested consultations with Korea in respect of requirements imposed by Korea on imports from the US which had the effect of restricting imports. The US alleged violations of Articles III and XI of GATT, Articles 2 and 5 of the SPS Agreement, Article 2 of the TBT Agreement, and Article 4 of the Agreement on Agriculture.

El 31 de marzo de 2011, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Estados Unidos - Medidas que afectan al comercio de grandes aeronaves civiles - Segunda reclamación”.

Complaints by Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and the United States. The complainants in this case other than Ecuador had requested consultations with the European Communities on the same issue on 28 September 1995 (DS16). After Ecuador’s accession to the WTO, the current complainants again requested consultations with the European Communities on 5 February 1996. The complainants alleged that the European Communities’ regime for importation, sale and distribution of bananas is inconsistent with Articles I, II, III, X, XI and XIII of the GATT 1994 as well as provisions of the Import Licensing Agreement, the Agreement on Agriculture, the TRIMs Agreement and the GATS.

Le 10 février 1997, l’Organe d’appel a publié son rapport sur l’affaire “Etats-Unis - Restrictions à l’importation de vêtements de dessous de coton et de fibres synthétiques ou artificielles”.

On 13 September 2002, Canada requested consultations under Article 4.8 of the DSU (urgency procedure) with the United States concerning the final affirmative determination of sales at less than fair value (dumping) with respect to certain softwood lumber products from Canada (Inv. No. A-122-838) announced by the US Department of Commerce (USDOC) on 21 March 2002 pursuant to Section 735 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended on 22 May 2002 (Final Determination). The measures at issue include the initiation of the investigation, the conduct of the investigation and the Final Determination. Canada considered these measures and, in particular, the determinations made and methodologies adopted therein by the DOC under authority of the United States Tariff Act of 1930, to violate Articles 1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.8, 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.9 and 9.3 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and Articles VI and X:3(a) of the GATT 1994.

On 2 December 2019 the WTO circulated the compliance panel report in the case brought by the European Union in “European Communities and Certain Member States - Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft - Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the EU” (DS316)

On 6 March 2007, the United States requested consultations with India with respect to “additional duties” or “extra additional duties” that India applies to imports from the United States, which include (but are not limited to) wines and distilled products (HS2204, 2205, 2206 and 2208.

El 30 de agosto de 2002 la OMC hizo público el informe arbitral sobre el caso “Estados Unidos - Trato fiscal aplicado a las “empresas de ventas en el extranjero””.

On 10 November 2000, the EC requested consultations with the US concerning the continued application by the United States of countervailing duties on a number of products. In particular, the EC claimed that the application of the “same person” methodology by the US, and the continued imposition of duties based on it, are in breach of Articles 10, 19 and 21 of the SCM Agreement, because there is no proper determination of a benefit to the producer of the goods under investigation, as required by Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement. The EC included in this request for consultations 14 US countervailing duty orders1 where this “same person” methodology was applied. All these cases involve alleged non-recurring subsidies granted to firms prior to a change of ownership.

Le 15 octobre 2004, l’OMC a publié le rapport du Groupe spécial dans l’affaire “Communautés européennes - Subventions à l’exportation de sucre”.

Le 8 juin 2012, l’OMC a publié le rapport du Groupe spécial chargé d’examiner la plainte de la Chine dans l’affaire “États-Unis — crevettes et lames de scie au diamant” (WT/DS422/R).

El 20 de junio de 2003, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Estados Unidos - Normas de origen aplicables a los textiles y las prendas de vestir”.

On 6 October 1998, the EC requested consultations with India concerning certain measures affecting the automotive sector being applied by India. The EC stated that the measures include the documents entitled “Export and Import Policy, 1997-2002”, “ITC (HS Classification) Export and Import Policy 1997-2002” (“Classification”), and “Public Notice No. 60 (PN/97-02) of 12 December 1997, Export and Import Policy April 1997-March 2002”, and any other legislative or administrative provision implemented or consolidated by these policies, as well as MoUs signed by the Indian Government with certain manufacturers of automobiles. The EC contended that: under these measures, imports of complete automobiles and of certain parts and components were subject to a system of non-automatic import licenses. in accordance with Public Notice No. 60, import licenses might be granted only to local joint venture manufacturers that had signed an MoU with the Indian Government, whereby they undertook, inter alia, to comply with certain local content and export balancing requirements. The EC alleged violations of Articles III and XI of GATT 1994, and Article 2 of the TRIMs Agreement.