Trade monitoring
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World trade developments in 2003 and prospects for 2004
Trade growth strengthened in the course of 2003, driven above all by demand expansion in the United States and East Asia. The 4.5 per cent gain in real merchandise exports on a year to year basis does not reveal the vigour of the expansion in the course of the year. Although foreign direct investment decreased globally, capital flows to the emerging economies recovered in 2003.
Informe de la Secretaría de la OMC
Costa Rica es un país de ingreso medio-alto, que presenta indicadores positivos de desarrollo humano. Durante el periodo 2012-2018, el PIB per cápita, en términos corrientes, aumentó un 20%, hasta alcanzar los USD 12.017 en 2018. El PIB en términos reales también aumentó, a una tasa promedio anual del 3,5%, en consonancia con su crecimiento potencial, y se sustentó principalmente en el incremento de la demanda interna, sobre todo en el consumo final de los hogares. Las exportaciones netas de bienes y servicios también tuvieron una contribución neta positiva al PIB, debida principalmente a los buenos resultados de las exportaciones de servicios. No obstante, la tasa de desempleo permaneció relativamente elevada durante el periodo examinado, y se situó entre un 9% y un 10% (promedio anual).
Actual and perceived effects of offshoring on economic insecurity: The role of labour market regimes
Despite broad public concern with the effect of firms’ offshoring behaviour on economic insecurity, there is scant research. Most analysis over the past 20 years – widely acknowledged as a period of rapid globalization – has focused on the impact of offshoring on workers depending on whether they are “skilled” or “unskilled”. The main research question has been the relative contribution of trade versus technological change to the rise in wage inequality in many industrialized countries. In this chapter we seek to broaden our understanding of the effect of offshoring on economic insecurity and also to connect the question of economic insecurity to national labour market institutions and to workers’ perceptions of globalization. We shift the focus to the effect of offshoring on the labour share of income rather than on its relative impact on high- and low-skilled workers. The labour share (or one minus the capital share) is affected by firm-level changes in productivity, labour demand and the distribution of value added. It is useful to capture profits and wages in the measure of economic security, since offshoring is driven by the corporations’ pursuit of higher profits and greater flexibility. Moreover, the labour share comprises workers’ earnings and employment, and analysis of the impact of offshoring on economic insecurity should include both.