Trade monitoring
Ouverture des échanges et contexte socioéconomique général
La section C a montré comment des facteurs économiques fondamentaux – démographie, investissement, technologie, ressources naturelles, transports et institutions – peuvent agir sur l’évolution du commerce. Celui-ci s’insère toutefois dans un contexte socioéconomique plus large, qui entre en ligne de compte pour le commerce et les politiques commerciales. Historiquement, les problèmes sociaux et macroéconomiques ont influencé à maintes reprises les décisions en matière de politique commerciale. La section B du présent rapport en a donné des exemples. Ces deux thématiques figurent actuellement parmi les grandes priorités politiques et il ne fait aucun doute qu’elles influeront à l’avenir sur les vues et les positions des décideurs politiques dans le domaine de la réforme du commerce. Il existe un troisième facteur, à savoir les préoccupations relatives à l’environnement, qui ont rapidement gagné en importance dans le débat politique national, régional et mondial. Ce facteur a lui aussi été fréquemment lié au commerce, notamment au vu de plusieurs différends retentissants qui ont été portés à l’OMC, dans le contexte des accords commerciaux régionaux et en tant qu’élément de l’actuel Programme de Doha pour le développement.
Aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (ADPIC)
Le Conseil des ADPIC a poursuivi ses travaux sur la promotion de la transparence et l’examen de la mise en oeuvre de l’Accord sur les ADPIC par les Membres de l’OMC. Il a accordé aux pays les moins avancés (PMA) Membres huit années supplémentaires pour se conformer à l’Accord. Il a poursuivi ses discussions sur l’accès des pays les plus pauvres aux médicaments, sur les biotechnologies et sur la coopération technique, entre autres sujets. Il a également procédé à des échanges d’informations et à des débats sur plusieurs questions soulevées par certains pays, comme les politiques d’innovation pour les petites et moyennes entreprises, le changement climatique et, pour la première fois, le sport.
Comercio y desarrollo
Las iniciativas de creación de capacidad, el acceso a los mercados para los países menos adelantados (PM A) y la iniciativa Ayuda para el Comercio fueron algunos de los temas importantes examinados en 2009 por el Comité de Comercio y Desarrollo y el Subcomité de Países Menos Adelantados.
Programa de Cátedras OMC
En marzo de 2009 la OMC estableció el Programa de Cátedras OMC (PCO), que presta apoyo específico a las actividades de enseñanza, investigación y divulgación de 14 universidades e instituciones de investigación de países en desarrollo.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Contactos con la comunidad empresarial
En 2014, la OMC siguió estrechando lazos con la comunidad empresarial. Tanto los grupos empresariales como las empresas individuales se interesan cada vez más por las funciones y actividades de la OMC, como se hizo patente en el Foro Público de 2014 titulado “Por qué el comercio nos concierne a todos”, en el que los círculos empresariales tuvieron una amplia representación. El número de visitas del sector privado a la OMC ha aumentado considerablemente en 2014.
Historical trends
This chapter provides additional statistical information to support understanding of the trends in merchandise trade and trade in commercial services.
Trade in goods
At the meetings of the Council for Trade in Goods, WTO members addressed a large number of trade concerns, including measures, policies and practices considered potentially discriminatory or trade restricting. Some of these concerns had already been raised in the past. The Council also considered a number of waiver requests and took note of an updated and comprehensive list of notifications submitted by members under Annex 1A of the WTO Agreement. Gabon announced the conclusion of renegotiations of its tariff commitments.
Natural resources, international cooperation and trade regulation
This section discusses international regulation of trade in natural resources. It starts with an overview of the legal framework of the WTO and briefly addresses how natural resources fit within this. Rather than attempt an exhaustive treatment of every WTO rule that may have a bearing on trade in natural resources, this section sets out the rules that have particular relevance for this kind of trade, and considers whether, and to what extent, these rules respond to the salient characteristics of natural resource sectors. This section also presents a selection of international agreements that regulate trade in natural resources and discusses their relationship with WTO disciplines. It ends by focusing on a number of issues in this sector that appear to be of actual or potential relevance to international cooperation and to the multilateral trading system.
Agradecimientos y Descargo de responsabilidad
El Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2016 ha sido elaborado bajo la responsabilidad general de Xiaozhun Yi, Director General Adjunto de la OMC, y Robert Koopman, Director de la División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística. El informe de este año ha sido coordinado por Marc Bacchetta y Cosimo Beverelli. Los autores del informe son Marc Auboin, Marc Bacchetta, Cosimo Beverelli, Barbara D’Andrea, Christophe Degain, Alexander Keck, Andreas Maurer, José- Antonio Monteiro, Coleman Nee, Roberta Piermartini y Robert Teh (División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística); Antonia Carzaniga, Joscelyn Magdeleine, Juan Marchetti, Lee Tuthill y Ruosi Zhang (División de Comercio de Servicios e Inversión).
Doha Development Agenda
At the 4th Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001, WTO member governments agreed to launch new trade negotiations. They also agreed to work on other issues, in particular the implementation of the current WTO agreements. The entire package is called the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) or the Doha Round. The negotiations take place in the Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) and its subsidiaries, which are usually regular councils and committees meeting in ‘special session’ or specially created negotiating groups. The chairs of the nine negotiating bodies report to the TNC, chaired by the WTO Director-General, which coordinates their work.
Día de puertas abiertas de la OMC
Más de 3.000 visitantes asistieron al quinto Día de puertas abiertas de la OMC el 14 de junio. “Merci Genève”, que se organizó en el marco de las actividades del vigésimo aniversario de la OMC, brindó a la OMC la oportunidad de dar las gracias a la población de Ginebra por haber acogido a la Organización desde su creación en 1995.
Executive summary
International trade is integral to the process of globalization. Over many years, governments in most countries have increasingly opened their economies to international trade, whether through the multilateral trading system, increased regional cooperation or as part of domestic reform programmes. Trade and globalization more generally have brought enormous benefits to many countries and citizens. Trade has allowed nations to benefit from specialization and economies to produce at a more efficient scale. It has raised productivity, supported the spread of knowledge and new technologies, and enriched the range of choices available to consumers. But deeper integration into the world economy has not always proved popular, nor have the benefits of trade and globalization necessarily reached all sections of society. Trade scepticism is on the rise in certain quarters, and the purpose of this year’s core topic of the World Trade Report, entitled “Trade in a Globalizing World”, is to remind ourselves of what we know about the gains from international trade and the challenges arising from higher levels of integration.
What role for international cooperation on services trade policy?
Trade in services continues to evolve. Technology and regulatory reforms are driving a fundamental transformation, creating new demand while simultaneously helping to reduce trade costs and opening further opportunities to trade services. Under the impetus of global value chains, demographic trends, rising per capita incomes in emerging markets and environmental concerns, demand for foreign-supplied services is on the rise. The evolving avenues, actors and composition of services trade increase its potential to contribute to inclusive economic growth and development, but also present a number of challenges that need to be addressed to fulfil this potential.
Une composition mondiale
Le Yémen, pays moins avancé (PMA), a accédé à l’OMC en juin 2014, devenant ainsi le 160e Membre de l’Organisation. L’ensemble des textes relatifs à l’accession des Seychelles a été approuvé en décembre, permettant ainsi aux Seychelles de devenir le Membre le plus récent de l’OMC en avril 2015 (voir les pages 24-25). Les Membres de l’OMC représentent maintenant 98 % du commerce mondial, contre 91 % en 1995 lorsque l’OMC a été créée.
Concluding Remarks by the Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body, Ms. Irene Young of Hong Kong, China at the Trade Policy Review of Japan, 8 and 10 March 2017
The thirteenth Trade Policy Review of Japan has been a good opportunity for Members to discuss recent developments in the country’s economic, trade and investment policies and their implications for international trade. Such a fruitful dialogue would not have been possible without the constructive engagement of the Japanese delegation led by Mr. Tomochika Uyama; their team in Geneva headed by Ambassador Junichi Ihara; our discussant, H.E. Ambassador Julian Braithwaite from the United Kingdom; and all those Members who had participated in this exercise.