Books
La Ayuda para el Comercio en síntesis 2022
Posibilitar un comercio conectado y sostenible
En el presente informe se analiza la evolución de las corrientes de Ayuda para el Comercio en un contexto marcado por crisis de una magnitud sin precedentes y con fuertes repercusiones en el comercio y la inversión. El informe, titulado “Posibilitar un comercio conectado y sostenible”, muestra que la Ayuda para el Comercio ha sido un instrumento importante en la lucha contra la pandemia de COVID-19 y puede ayudar a afrontar los desafíos emergentes, como la transición ambiental y digital, y al mismo tiempo hacer que nadie se quede atrás. Según datos recientes, se está produciendo un cambio orientado a que la sostenibilidad, que pasa entre otras cosas por la transición verde y el empoderamiento de la mujer, ocupe un lugar central en la Ayuda para el Comercio, y esta tiene el potencial de respaldar una recuperación inclusiva y sostenible.
Perfiles Arancelarios en el Mundo 2023
La publicación “Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo 2023” ofrece información exhaustiva sobre los aranceles impuestos por más de 170 países y territorios aduaneros. La publicación comienza con un desglose de los aranceles impuestos por esas economías. Los datos se presentan en cuadros sinópticos y en perfiles individuales de una página para cada economía. Se proporciona también una tabla recapitulativa sobreeterminados indicadores relativos a los perfiles de importación y de exportación para estas economías. A continuación figura una sección sobre la utilización de las medidas no arancelarias, que están adquiriendo una importancia cada vez mayor en el comercio internacional. En el apartado/la sección de los temas especiales, figuran dos documentos técnicos. En el primero se analizan la evolución del acceso a los mercados en los 16 años de la publicación Perfiles Arancelarios en el Mundo y el segundo se centra en la Clasificación de productos utilizada por la OMC en las estadísticas comerciales y el análisis de políticas – Categorías de las Negociaciones Comerciales Multilaterales.
Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2023
El establecimiento del sistema multilateral de comercio hace más de siete decenios se basó en el entendimiento de que la interdependencia y la cooperación contribuyen a la paz y a la prosperidad compartida. Sin embargo, más recientemente, los nuevos desafíos, como las tensiones geopolíticas, el aumento de las desigualdades y el cambio climático, han suscitado temores de que la globalización expone a los países a riesgos excesivos. Estos temores han aumentado las presiones para romper las relaciones comerciales y recurrir a políticas unilaterales a través de un proceso de fragmentación. En el Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial de este año se examinan los beneficios de la integración en el comercio mundial, así como los riesgos de fragmentación. En él se indica que el comercio ha demostrado ser una fuente de seguridad y paz, un motor de reducción de la pobreza y un instrumento fundamental para hacer frente al cambio climático. En el informe se afirma que, para que nuestras economías sean más seguras, inclusivas y sostenibles, la reglobalización —o bien la integración de más personas, economías y cuestiones apremiantes en el comercio mundial y el fortalecimiento de la cooperación multilateral— es una solución mucho más eficaz a los desafíos mundiales que la fragmentación. Los problemas mundiales exigen soluciones mundiales, lo que significa que el mundo actual necesita más cooperación, no menos. Un sistema multilateral de comercio revitalizado, supervisado por la OMC, tiene una importante función que desempeñar en este proceso.
Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2023
L'établissement du système commercial multilatéral, il y a plus de 70 ans, reposait sur l'idée que l'interdépendance et la coopération contribuaient à la paix et à la prospérité de tous. Plus récemment, toutefois, de nouveaux défis sont apparus, comme les tensions géopolitiques, l'augmentation des inégalités et les changements climatiques, et ont suscité la crainte que la mondialisation n'expose les pays à des risques excessifs. Ces craintes ont intensifié les pressions exercées pour revenir sur les relations commerciales et se tourner vers des politiques unilatérales au moyen d'un processus de fragmentation. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial de cette année examine les avantages de l'intégration dans le commerce mondial ainsi que les risques liés à la fragmentation. Il montre que le commerce s'est révélé être une source de sécurité et de paix, un vecteur de réduction de la pauvreté et un outil essentiel pour lutter contre les changements climatiques. Le rapport fait valoir que, pour rendre nos économies plus sûres, plus inclusives et plus durables, la remondialisation, à savoir l'intégration d'un plus grand nombre de personnes, d'économies et de questions urgentes dans le commerce mondial et le renforcement de la coopération multilatérale, est une solution beaucoup plus efficace que la fragmentation pour relever les défis mondiaux. Les problèmes mondiaux appellent des solutions mondiales, ce qui signifie que dans le monde d'aujourd'hui, il faut davantage de coopération, pas moins. Un système commercial multilatéral redynamisé chapeauté par l'OMC a un rôle important à jouer dans ce processus.
Le règlement des différends dans le cadre de l’OMC : un différend, une page (1995-2022)
Édition 2023
La présente publication contient des résumés pratiques, d’une page, des principales constatations de chaque rapport de groupe spécial publié jusqu’à la fin de 2022 et des rapports pertinents de l’Organe d’appel publiés pendant cette période. Chaque résumé d’une page comprend les faits principaux, les constatations clés contenues dans les rapports et d’autres points d’une importance particulière. Deux index énumèrent les différends par Accord de l’OMC et par Membre de l’OMC répondant à la plainte.
Profils tarifaires dans le monde 2023
La publication intitulée « Profils tarifaires dans le monde 2023 » donne des renseignements complets sur les droits imposés par plus de 170 pays et territoires douaniers. La publication commence par une ventilation des droits de douane appliqués par ces économies. Les données sont présentées dans des tableaux récapitulatifs et sous forme de profils individuels d’une page pour chaque économie. Un tableau récapitulatif concernant certains indicateurs relatifs au profil des importations et des exportations pour ces économies est aussi disponible. Vient ensuite une section qui porte sur l’utilisation des mesures non tarifaires, qui sont de plus en plus importantes dans le commerce international. La partie consacrée aux sujets spéciaux comprend deux documents techniques. Le premier analyse l’évolution de l’accès aux marchés au cours de 16 années de « Profils tarifaires dans le monde » et le second met l’accent sur la classification des produits aux fins des statistiques commerciales et analyses de politiques établies par l’OMC – catégories utilisées dans les négociations commerciales multilatérales (NCM).
Examen estadístico del comercio mundial 2023
El Examen estadístico del comercio mundial pasa revista a las tendencias más recientes del comercio mundial y analiza en profundidad qué se comercia y quiénes son los actores clave. Los capítulos analíticos se complementan con más de 65 cuadros en que se desglosan de forma detallada las mercancías y los servicios objeto de comercio y los principales exportadores e importadores.
World Trade Statistical Review 2023
“World Trade Statistical Review” looks into the latest trends in global trade, with in-depth analysis of what is being traded and who the key players are. Analytical chapters are complemented by over 65 tables providing a detailed breakdown of the goods and services being traded and the leading exporters/importers.
Solución de diferencias en la OMC: Resúmenes de una página por caso (1995-2022)
Edición de 2023
Esta publicación contiene resúmenes útiles de una página de las principales constataciones contenidas en cada uno de los informes de los Grupos Especiales publicados hasta finales de 2022, así como en los informes correspondientes del Órgano de Apelación publicados en ese período. Cada resumen de una página se compone de los hechos fundamentales, las constataciones principales que figuran en los informes y otras cuestiones especialmente importantes. La publicación incluye dos índices en los que se enumeran las diferencias en función de los Acuerdos de la OMC abordados y del Miembro de la OMC demandado.
International export regulations and controls
Navigating the global framework beyond WTO rules
Measures such as prohibitions, export licences and restrictions assist in risk management and the regulation of trade in controlled and sensitive goods. They are established pursuant to international agreements and conventions on protecting people and the environment, on controlling drugs and harmful substances, and on contributing to international peace and weapons controls. This publication explores how particular international agreements and conventions operate in practice and how they link to the multilateral trading system. Prepared or reviewed by the secretariats and implementing bodies of the relevant international agreements and conventions, the chapters delve into the export-related controls covered by these legal instruments and how these restrictions tie in with WTO agreements. The agreements and conventions included in this publication were selected on the basis of three criteria: the presence of provisions in the agreement or convention that seek to regulate exports; the extent to which WTO members are party to those provisions; and how often members refer to them in their notifications submitted to the WTO Secretariat. The aim of the publication is to provide a better understanding of how international agreements and conventions regulate the export of high-risk and controlled goods and how these regulations co-exist with WTO rules.
Examen statistique du commerce mondial 2023
" L'Examen statistique du commerce mondial" étudie les évolutions récentes du commerce mondial et fournit une analyse détaillée de la nature des échanges et des principaux acteurs. Les chapitres analytiques sont complétés par plus de 65 tableaux qui détaillent les marchandises et services échangés et les principaux exportateurs et importateurs.
Global Trade Outlook and Statistics
April 2024
The WTO’s “Global Trade Outlook and Statistics” analyses recent global trade developments up to the fourth quarter of 2023 and presents the organization’s forecasts for world trade in 2024 and 2025. Breakdowns of merchandise and commercial services trade by sector and region are provided, together with details on leading traders. The report is timed to coincide with the release of the WTO’s latest quarterly and annual trade statistics, which can be downloaded from the WTO’s online database at stats.wto.org.
Perspectives du commerce mondial et statistiques
Avril 2024
Les « Perspectives du commerce mondial et statistiques » de l’OMC analyse l’évolution récente du commerce mondial jusqu’au quatrième trimestre de 2023 et présente les prévisions de l’OMC concernant le commerce mondial pour 2024 et 2025. Il contient des ventilations du commerce des marchandises et du commerce des services commerciaux par secteur et par région, ainsi que des renseignements détaillés concernant les principaux pays commerçants. La publication du rapport coïncide avec celle des dernières statistiques commerciales trimestrielles et annuelles de l’OMC, qui peuvent être téléchargées à partir de la base de données en ligne de l’Organisation à l’adresse suivante : stats.wto.org.
Perspectivas del comercio mundial y estadísticas
Abril 2024
Las “Perspectivas del comercio mundial y estadísticas” de la OMC analizan la evolución reciente del comercio mundial hasta el cuarto trimestre de 2023 y presentan las previsiones de la Organización sobre el comercio mundial en 2024 y 2025. Se proporcionan desgloses del comercio de mercancías y servicios comerciales por sectores y regiones, así como información detallada sobre los principales interlocutores comerciales. La publicación del informe coincide con la de las últimas estadísticas comerciales trimestrales y anuales de la OMC, que pueden descargarse de la base de datos en línea de la OMC en la dirección siguiente: stats.wto.org.
Rapport annuel 2024
L’OMC a publié son Rapport annuel 2024, qui présente un compte rendu complet des activités de l’Organisation en 2023 et au début de 2024. Le Rapport présente les faits marquants de l’année écoulée, parmi lesquels la treizième Conférence ministérielle, et décrit les travaux réalisés par l’OMC pour faire face aux défis du commerce mondial et exploiter les possibilités offertes par ce dernier.
Informe anual 2024
La OMC ha publicado su informe anual 2024, en el que se da cuenta exhaustiva de las actividades de la Organización en 2023 y en la primera parte de 2024. El informe repasa los principales acontecimientos del pasado año, como la Decimotercera Conferencia Ministerial, y describe la labor de la OMC para hacer frente a los retos a los que se enfrenta el comercio mundial y aprovechar sus oportunidades.
World Trade Report 2024
Over the past 30 years, the world has witnessed a period of unprecedented income convergence, as the wide gap in income levels between economies has narrowed. Economic growth has improved living conditions and prospects for many people around the world. However, not all individuals, regions and economies have benefited equally from the changes brought about by more open trade. The World Trade Report 2024 explores the complex interlinkages between trade and inclusiveness across and within economies. Openness to international trade can drive economic growth, but many low- and middle-income economies struggle to diversify or to integrate into world trade. Although trade supports numerous jobs and provides access to affordable goods and services, some individuals can face challenges in adapting to new economic conditions following trade openness. However, trade protectionism neither protects the overall economy, nor promotes inclusiveness within economies. Diversifying global value chains, reducing trade costs through digitalization, and transitioning to a low-carbon economy can create new opportunities for low- and middle-income economies. Addressing remaining barriers to trade and investment, facilitating the implementation of existing WTO agreements, and ensuring that the WTO is fit for new challenges are crucial to support inclusiveness across and within economies. Furthermore, trade policies need to be complemented by domestic measures, such as labour, education and competition policies, so that the gains from trade can flow to workers and consumers, and so that those individuals can move to benefit from those gains. WTO cooperation with other international organizations can magnify combined action on inclusiveness across and within economies.
World Trade Report 2025
How trade and AI can contribute to inclusive growth
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to lead to a new era of growth. By transforming how goods and services are produced, exchanged and consumed, AI can bring about substantial changes in the global economy. Yet the future trajectory of AI remains uncertain, raising critical questions about trade and inclusive growth. The World Trade Report 2025 explores the complex and fast-evolving relationship between AI and international trade and how this relationship can shape inclusive growth. AI offers new opportunities to reduce trade costs, boost productivity and expand access to global markets. In addition, trade can help to render AI more accessible by spreading knowledge, fostering innovation and promoting participation in AI value chains. However, unequal access across the world to digital infrastructure, appropriate skills and capabilities could increase the digital divide. Also, the impact of AI on the labour market presents additional challenges. Whether AI-enabled trade translates into broad-based, inclusive growth will depend on the design and implementation of trade and trade-related policies. WTO rules on trade in goods, services, data, intellectual property and public procurement can shape the availability, affordability and diffusion of AI. Complementary policies regulating competition, data infrastructure, energy, education and government support can also help to determine whether and how economies benefit from AI-enabled trade. The WTO can play a central role in ensuring that AI supports more inclusive trade-led growth by administering WTO rules, by fostering dialogue, transparency and capacity-building, and by deepening collaboration on AI and digital trade with other international organizations.
Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade
What is “digital trade” and how can it be measured and monitored to support policymakers in navigating the digital transformation of international commerce? Digital technologies have made it increasingly feasible for buyers and sellers to place and receive orders on a global scale. They also enable the instantaneous remote delivery of services directly into businesses and homes, including internationally. By focusing on these two criteria – digital ordering and digital delivery across borders – the Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade sets out a conceptual and measurement framework for digital trade that aligns with the broader standards for macroeconomic statistics. This second edition of the Handbook is the outcome of a partnership between the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), resulting in a comprehensive agreed approach. This Handbook aims to help statistical compilers to address policymakers’ needs for statistical evidence on digital trade. It includes extensive compilation guidance, drawing upon substantive inputs and case studies from both developed and developing economies and covering a variety of survey and non-survey sources. A reporting template is also proposed to support compilers in the production and dissemination of digital trade statistics. This Handbook thereby establishes a valuable shared foundation for understanding and measuring digital trade in a way that is internationally comparable. Furthermore, it provides a crucial resource for an active programme of technical assistance and statistical capacity-building, through which the four co-authoring partner organizations can support statistical compilers as they seek to measure, monitor and respond to the challenges of digital trade.
World Tariff Profiles 2024
World Tariff Profiles 2024 provides comprehensive information on the tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by over 170 countries and customs territories. The publication starts with a breakdown of the tariffs imposed by these economies. Tariff data are presented in comparative tables and in one-page profiles for each economy. A summary table on selected indicators on the imports and exports profile for these economies is also presented. Statistics on non tariff measures by economy and by product group complement the data on tariffs. This special topic deals with “Tariffs on critical minerals in the electric vehicle value chain”. The publication is jointly prepared by the World Trade Organization, the UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Trade Centre (ITC).
Profils tarifaires dans le monde 2024
Les Profils tarifaires dans le monde 2024 contiennent des renseignements détaillés sur les droits de douane et les mesures non tarifaires appliqués par plus de 170 pays et territoires douaniers. La publication commence par une ventilation des droits de douane appliqués par ces économies. Les données tarifaires sont présentées dans des tableaux comparatifs et sous forme de profils individuels d'une page pour chaque économie. Un tableau récapitulatif concernant certains indicateurs relatifs au profil des importations et des exportations pour ces économies est aussi disponible. Les données tarifaires sont complétées par des statistiques sur les mesures non tarifaires, par économie et par groupe de produits. Le sujet spécial traité dans la publication porte sur le thème "Droits de douane visant les minéraux essentiels à la chaîne de valeur des véhicules électriques". Cette publication est établie conjointement par l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED) et le Centre du commerce international (ITC).
Perfiles Arancelarios en el Mundo 2024
La publicación Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo 2024 ofrece información completa sobre las medidas arancelarias y no arancelarias impuestas por más de 170 países y territorios aduaneros. La publicación comienza con un desglose de los aranceles impuestos por esas economías. Los datos arancelarios se presentan en cuadros comparativos y en perfiles individuales de una página para cada economía. Se proporciona también un cuadro recapitulativo sobre determinados indicadores relativos a los perfiles de importación y de exportación para estas economías. Las estadísticas sobre las medidas no arancelarias por economía y por grupos de productos complementan los datos sobre los aranceles. El tema especial trata de los "Aranceles sobre los minerales esenciales en la cadena de valor de los vehículos eléctricos". La publicación ha sido elaborada conjuntamente por la Organización Mundial del Comercio, ONU Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) y el Centro de Comercio Internacional (ITC).
Global Trade Outlook and Statistics
Update: October 2024
The WTO’s “Global Trade Outlook and Statistics” analyses recent global trade developments. Breakdowns of merchandise and commercial services trade by sector and region are provided, together with details on leading traders. The report is timed to coincide with the release of the WTO’s latest quarterly and annual trade statistics, which can be downloaded from the WTO’s online database at stats.wto.org.
Perspectivas del comercio mundial y estadísticas
Update: October 2024
En el informe Perspectivas del comercio mundial y estadísticas, de la OMC, se analizan los acontecimientos comerciales más recientes a nivel mundial. Además, se proporcionan desgloses del comercio de mercancías y servicios comerciales porsectores y regiones, junto con detalles sobre los principales interlocutores comerciales. La publicación del informe coincide con la divulgación de las últimas estadísticas comerciales trimestrales y anuales de la OMC, que pueden descargarse de la base de datos en línea de la OMC en la dirección siguiente: stats.wto.org.
Working together for better climate action
Carbon pricing, policy spillovers, and global climate goals
The report of the Joint Task Force on Climate Action, Carbon Pricing, and Policy Spillovers, with participation by the IMF, OECD, UNCTAD, World Bank, and WTO, makes four main contributions. First, it reflects on a common understanding of carbon pricing metrics which inform on the incentives to decarbonize and on cross-country variation in carbon prices, a key determinant of international spillover effects and competitiveness concerns. Second, the report analyzes the appropriate mixes of climate change mitigation policies, emphasizing the pivotal role of carbon pricing as the only policy implementing the polluter pays principle while generating revenues. Third, it analyzes how international organizations can support the coordination of policies to maximize positive and limit negative cross-border spillovers from climate change mitigation policies. Finally, it discusses how such coordination can help to scale up climate action by closing the transparency gap, the implementation gap, and the ambition gap.
Perspectives du commerce mondial et statistiques
Update: October 2024
La publication « Perspectives et statistiques du commerce mondial » de l’OMC analyse l’évolution récente du commerce mondial. Elle contient des ventilations du commerce des marchandises et du commerce des services commerciaux par secteur et par région, ainsi que des renseignements détaillés sur les principales économies commerçantes. La publication du rapport coïncide avec celle des dernières statistiques commerciales trimestrielles et annuelles de l’OMC, qui peuvent être téléchargées à partir de la base de données en ligne de l’Organisation à l’adresse suivante : stats.wto.org.
Conférences ministérielles de l’OMC - CM13
Principaux résultats - CM13
Le supplément concernant la 13e Conférence ministérielle pour la publication intitulée “Conférences ministérielles de l’OMC, principaux résultats”
WTO Ministerial conferences - MC13
Key outcomes - MC13
The supplement concerning the 13th Ministerial Conference for the publication “WTO Ministerial Conferences, key outcomes”
Economic Implications of Data Regulation
Balancing Openness and Trust
Cross‑border data flows are the lifeblood of today’s social and economic interactions, but they also raise a range of new challenges, including for privacy and data protection, national security, cybersecurity, digital protectionism and regulatory reach. This has led to a surge in regulation conditioning (or prohibiting) its flow or mandating that data be stored or processed domestically (data localisation). However, the economic implications of these measures are not well understood. This report provides estimates on what is at stake, highlighting that full fragmentation could reduce global GDP by 4.5%. It also underscores the benefits associated with open regimes with safeguards which could see global GDP increase by 1.7%. In a world where digital fragmentation is growing, global discussions on these issues can help harness the benefits of an open and safeguarded internet.
Enabling global trade in renewable hydrogen and derivative commodities
Renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-derived commodities – such as ammonia, methanol and e-kerosene — are expected to play an important role in the transition to low-carbon energy because they are essential to decarbonize sectors such as heavy industry and transport. Jointly produced by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the WTO, this publication highlights the critical role of sound, coherent strategies in promoting the use of renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-derived commodities.
Conferencias Ministeriales de la OMC - CM13
Resultados fundamentales - CM13
Suplemento relativo a la 13ª Conferencia Ministerial de la publicación titulada “Conferencias Ministeriales de la OMC, resultados fundamentales”
Supporting the renewable electricity transition through trade
Unlocking re-globalization opportunities via interconnection
Natural energy sources, such as solar, wind and water, are abundant, but they are not evenly distributed worldwide. The transmission of power across borders can help address imbalances between electricity supply and demand from renewable sources, contributing to security of supply. Security of energy supply is a core concern for countries around the world, especially in the context of the transition to renewable energy, which lies at the heart of efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, only 2.8% of electricity generated is traded across borders. As the share of weather-dependent renewable power generation increases in the global energy mix, the World Meteorological Organization has a critical role to play in upgrading climate services to support decision-making in the energy sector. Trade also has a role to play to help balance power grids through interconnection with overland and undersea electricity cables. Such cables open up the possibility of bringing new suppliers with significant natural solar, wind and water endowments into energy trade. However, interconnection cables are complex and costly infrastructure, with projects taking 10-15 years to complete. This report discusses how to speed up interconnection projects. Actions identified include ensuring better access to sustainable trade finance and climate finance. Also important is improving the predictability and transparency of regulatory approval processes for these projects. WTO rules may also help to address bottlenecks in the supply chains of goods and services needed for grid and interconnection expansion. Trading renewable energy across borders could help economies meet their decarbonization commitments and reduce the overall cost of the global transition to low-carbon energy.
Annual report 2025
This report covers WTO activities in 2024 and the early part of 2025. At the start of the report, Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala reflects on the current challenges facing world trade and the role of the WTO. The report also covers the 13th WTO Ministerial Conference, which took place from 26 February to 1 March 2024.
Trade Policy Review: Sierra Leone 2025
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Sierra Leone.
Trade Policy Review: Cabo Verde 2025
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Cabo Verde.
Trade Policy Review: Norway 2025
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Norway.
Trade Policy Review: Cambodia 2025
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO members major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Cambodia.
Trade Policy Review: Australia 2025
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Australia.
Trade Policy Review: Colombia 2025
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Colombia.
Beyond Six Digits: Automated Tariff Line HS Transposition Using Natural Language Processing
This paper explores the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to automate Harmonized System (HS) tariff line transposition, employing a three-stage process: unique 1:1 tariff code matching (Round 1), exact description matching (Round 2), and “smart” description matching (Round 3) using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and lexical similarity methods paired with harmonized 6-digit concordance and cosine similarity. Similarity is calculated using either Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) vectors or Sentence-BERT (SBERT) embeddings, comparing two scenarios: a straightforward case (Economy A) with standardized descriptions, and a complex case (Economy B), with more detailed technical descriptions.
Trade Policy Review: Madagascar 2025
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Madagascar.
World Tariff Profiles 2025
World Tariff Profiles 2025 provides comprehensive information on the tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by over 170 countries and customs territories. The publication starts with a breakdown of the tariffs imposed by these economies. Tariff data are presented in comparative tables and in one-page profiles for each economy. A summary table on selected indicators on the imports and exports profile for these economies is also presented. Statistics on non tariff measures by economy and by product group complement the data on tariffs. The special topic deals with “Global trade on most-favoured-nation terms”. The publication is jointly prepared by the World Trade Organization, the UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Trade Centre (ITC).
Annual Report 2024
This report covers WTO activities in 2023 and the early part of 2024. At the start of the report, Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala reflects on the current challenges facing world trade and the role of the WTO in helping the world address these challenges. The report also covers the 13th WTO Ministerial Conference, which took place from 26 February to 2 March 2024.
Trade for Peace Programme
Pathways to Sustainable Trade and Peace
Can the flow of goods, services, and ideas build bridges where conflict once prevailed? If so, under whatcircumstances? The World Trade Organization (WTO) stands for a predictable, rules-based system based on the principle of non-discrimination. When the predecessor to the WTO – the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade – was established some 70 years ago, conflict among nations was at an historic low, following World War II. In the changed global political landscape of today, geopolitical tensions, disruptions to trade and increasing concerns about economic inequality have come to the fore, challenging the foundations of multilateral trade relationships, and trade cooperation more generally. Pathways to Sustainable Trade and Peace is the first WTO publication dedicated to an in-depth exploration of the complex relationship between trade and peace. The publication examines a number of critical questions. How do trade and peace interact? Can trade be leveraged to foster economic development and stability? What can governments and other stakeholders do to foster positive interaction between trade and peace? The volume focuses specifically but not exclusively on fragile and conflict-affected economies, including case studies and analyses from various policy angles.
Trading with intelligence
How AI shapes and is shaped by international trade
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the way we live, work, produce and trade. As it further develops, AI is expected to unlock unprecedented economic and societal opportunities. However, it is also a source of significant risks and challenges. This report examines the intersection of AI and international trade. It discusses how AI may shape the future of international trade by reducing trade costs, improving productivity and expanding economies' comparative advantages. The report reviews some key trade policy considerations, in particular the urgent need to address the growing AI divide between economies and between large and small firms, as well as data governance and intellectual property issues. It examines how to guarantee the trustworthiness of AI without hindering trade. The report also provides an overview of domestic, regional and international government initiatives to promote and regulate AI, and highlights the resulting risk of regulatory fragmentation. Finally, the report discusses the critical role of the WTO in facilitating AI-related trade, ensuring trustworthy AI and addressing emerging trade tensions, noting that the rapid evolution of AI is prompting questions about the implications of AI for international trade rules.
Global Trade Outlook and Statistics
Update: October 2025
The WTO’s “Global Trade Outlook and Statistics” presents the WTO Secretariat’s forecasts for world trade in 2025 and 2026. Breakdowns of merchandise and commercial services trade by sector and region are provided, together with details on leading traders. An analytical chapter looks at the limits of trade policy in influencing trade imbalances. The report is timed to coincide with the release of the WTO’s latest quarterly and annual trade statistics, which can be downloaded from the WTO’s online database at stats.wto.org.
Global Trade Outlook and Statistics
Update: April 2025
The WTO’s “Global Trade Outlook and Statistics” presents the WTO Secretariat’s forecasts for world trade in 2025 and 2026. Breakdowns of merchandise and commercial services trade by sector and region are provided, together with details on leading traders. An analytical chapter discusses the economic effects of trade policy uncertainty. The report is timed to coincide with the release of the WTO’s latest quarterly and annual trade statistics, which can be downloaded from the WTO’s online database at stats.wto.org.
Perspectives du commerce mondial et statistiques
Mise à jour : avril 2025
Le rapport “Perspectives et statistiques du commerce mondial” de l’OMC présente les prévisions du Secrétariat de l’OMC concernant le commerce mondial pour 2025 et 2026. Il contient des ventilations du commerce des marchandises et du commerce des services commerciaux par secteur et par région, ainsi que des renseignements détaillés concernant les principaux pays importateurs et exportateurs. Un chapitre analytique examine les effets économiques de l’incertitude dans le domaine de la politique commerciale. La publication du rapport coïncide avec celle des dernières statistiques commerciales trimestrielles et annuelles de l’OMC, qui peuvent être téléchargées à partir de la base de données en ligne de l’Organisation à l’adresse suivante: stats.wto.org.
Perspectivas del comercio mundial y estadísticas
Actualización: abril de 2025
La publicación “Perspectivas del comercio mundial y estadísticas” de la OMC presenta las previsiones de la Secretaría de la OMC para el comercio mundial en 2025 y 2026. Se proporcionan desgloses del comercio de mercancías y servicios comerciales por sectores y regiones, así como información detallada sobre los principales interlocutores comerciales. En un capítulo analítico se examinan los efectos económicos de la incertidumbre en torno a la política comercial. La publicación del informe coincide con la divulgación de las últimas estadísticas comerciales trimestrales y anuales de la OMC, que se pueden descargar de la base de datos en línea de la OMC en stats.wto.org.
Trade policy in a pandemic
An integrated approach
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the integral role of international trade in responding to the global health crisis. All communities depended to some extent on trade for medical products, related services and vaccines. In particular, the pandemic accentuated the mutual benefit from the core principles of the multilateral trading system, especially the benefits of open and well-functioning international production and supply chains, and non-discriminatory measures. This publication looks into the WTO’s response to the pandemic in terms of four key areas: monitoring the flow of goods related to COVID-19, working towards a coordinated and effective international response to the pandemic, conducting policy and statistical analysis with other intergovernmental organizations, and analysing the lessons learned from the pandemic to shape a blueprint for future international cooperation. The publication examines how WTO members negotiated a framework to guide and consolidate the WTO’s response to the pandemic, to enhance the flow of practical knowledge, and to help render the multilateral trading system better prepared for future crises. Negotiations resulted in the Ministerial Declaration on the WTO Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Preparedness for Future Pandemics adopted at the 12th Ministerial Conference in June 2022. The importance of this work was confirmed in the Ministerial Declaration issued in March 2024 at MC13, which encouraged relevant WTO bodies to continue their work on reviewing the lessons learned from the pandemic and on building effective solutions in case of future pandemics.