Economic research and trade policy analysis
Trade policy commitments and contingency measure
Trade agreements define rules for the conduct of trade policy. These rules must strike a balance between commitments and flexibility. Too much flexibility may undermine the value of commitments, but too little f lexibility may render the rules politically unsustainable. This tension between credible commitments and flexibility is often close to the surface during trade negotiations. For example, the question of a “special safeguard mechanism” (the extent to which developing countries would be allowed to protect farmers from import surges) was crucial in the discussion of the July 2008 mini-ministerial meeting, which sought to agree negotiating modalities – or a final blueprint – for agriculture and non-agricultural market access (NAMA).
Conclusion
The key issue for MSME financing is risk assessment, and more specifically, how to better assess the risk potential of companies that lack a long credit history. Technological tools and data-driven solutions enable firms to approach this process from a new angle. They make it possible to harness a bigger pool of data to provide greater visibility into firms’ operations and creditworthiness. Rather than a backward-looking approach to risk assessment, as in the past, data can now allow financiers to make risk assessments a real-time process.
Notes techniques
Les Membres de l’OMC sont souvent désignés sous le nom de « pays », bien que certains ne soient pas des pays au sens habituel du terme mais, officiellement, des « territoires douaniers ». La définition des groupements géographiques ou autres, dans le présent rapport, n’implique de la part du Secrétariat aucune prise de position quant au statut d’un pays ou territoire, au tracé de ses frontières ou aux droits et obligations des Membres de l’OMC dans le cadre des Accords de l’OMC. Les couleurs, tracés de frontières, dénominations et classifications figurant dans les cartes n’impliquent, de la part de l’OMC, aucun jugement quant au statut juridique ou autre d’un territoire, ni la reconnaissance ou l’acceptation d’un tracé de frontières.
Are the “Poor” Getting Globalised?
Globalization is under fire. Public perceptions and recent policy debates increasingly appear to indicate that trade liberalization has been accompanied by rising income inequality in developed and developing economies. The fact that trade liberalization creates both winners and losers has never been in question. While international trade enhances economic growth in the aggregate, the distribution of its benefits may vary by income group, location, gender, and the formal-informal divide.
Conclusions
This report has addressed four fundamental issues relating to natural resources trade. The first is how key economic features of natural resources and the manner of their exchange influence patterns of trade for this class of goods. Second, we have examined how far the absence of trade barriers provides an efficient mechanism for ensuring access to natural resources and their long-run sustainability. The third issue concerns the incentives that governments face in setting trade policy in natural resource sectors and the consequences of this incentive structure. Finally, the report has considered how international cooperation affects the management of trade in natural resources, with particular emphasis on the role of the WTO.
Regulatory impact analysis: Addressing the trade and regulatory nexus
The potential for productivity growth to generate higher incomes makes it a natural and important consideration for decision-makers. Productivity is the only driver of income growth that is unlimited, as opposed to resource exploitation or increases in population and labour force participation, each of which faces natural limits. The continuing need to stimulate productivity growth rightly remains at the forefront of government policy, and is a key priority of the Australian government.
Notas técnicas
Con frecuencia se utiliza el término “países” para hacer referencia a los Miembros de la OMC, a pesar de que algunos Miembros no son países en el sentido usual del término, sino que se trata oficialmente de “territorios aduaneros”. La definición de los grupos geográficos y de otro tipo empleada en el presente informe no implica la expresión de opinión alguna por parte de la Secretaría de la OMC sobre la condición jurídica de ningún país o territorio, sobre la delimitación de sus fronteras ni sobre los derechos y obligaciones de ningún Miembro de la OMC respecto de los Acuerdos de la OMC. Los colores, fronteras, denominaciones y clasificaciones que figuran en los mapas de la presente publicación no implican, por parte de la OMC, ningún juicio sobre la condición jurídica o de otra índole de ningún territorio, ni constituyen una aprobación o aceptación de ninguna frontera.
WTO Rules, Accession Protocols and Mega-Regionals: Complementarity and Governance in the Rules-Based Global Economy
Over the past twenty years, the rules-based global economy has been subject to a dynamic process of transformation. The trading environment has been characterized by shifts in the balance of economic power, emerging structures and rapid changes in global and regional alliances. Since its establishment in 1995, the WTO has sought to adapt to these global trends. The 2017 Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), the 2015 Nairobi Decisions on Agriculture, the 2015 expansion of the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and twenty years of cumulative WTO accessions acquis are all part of this process of constant adaptation by the WTO to a rapidly changing environment. However, after the Seattle Ministerial meeting in 1999, free trade agreements (FTAs) and regional trade agreements (RTAs) mushroomed. The 'spaghetti-bowl’ consequences and the continuing proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and counter-PTAs have created challenges and opportunities for the rules-based multilateral trading system. Several questions have been raised, revolving around the compatibility and the discriminatory and trade diversion effects of such agreements. Are these agreements building blocks or stumbling blocks for the multilateral trading system? Moreover, the emergence of mega-regional RTAs (MRTAs), in particular the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), have called into question, in some quarters, the power and relevance of the WTO at large. This chapter examines the core question of whether mega-regionalism (and FTAs by implication) poses an existential risk to the multilateral trading system and argues that the answer is ‘no’. The negotiating results from FTAs, including in their mega-regional forms, and trade multilateralism can coexist in a constructive, healthy and competitive relationship and both are essential for the governance of the multipolar twenty-first-century global economy. To substantiate this conclusion, the chapter reviews the WTO accessions acquis and compares it to the provisions of the TPP, without pre-judging its future. The comparative analysis is conducted across several areas: market access; trade rules (bilateral/plurilateral/multilateral); trade negotiations as an instrument for domestic reforms; and discriminatory effects. The results of the analysis point to areas of significant complementarity and mutual supportiveness between WTO accession acquis and the TPP, and different degrees of trade liberalization in certain sectors. The accessions acquis demonstrates a process of mutually supportive coexistence between bilateral and plurilateral negotiations and the multilateral legal and policy framework of the WTO. The scope and quality of accession negotiations results are comparable to results from PTAs, including MRTAs, and go further to show greater robustness and durability.
Le programme de Doha pour le développement
L’un des objectifs sous-jacents de l’OMC est de promouvoir le développement économique par une participation effective au commerce mondial. Trois aspects de la structure et des règles de l’OMC sont pertinents s’agissant de la manière dont les pays en développement peuvent tirer davantage profit de leur participation au système commercial. Premièrement, les règles elles-mêmes, avec les exceptions autorisées et leurs interprétations, sont le fondement du système et jouent un rôle clé pour déterminer les conditions et possibilités d’échange. Deuxièmement se pose la question de la couverture du système. Il n’existe pas d’exemple de questions dont l’OMC se serait saisie et qu’elle aurait écartées; il s’agit donc ici de l’inclusion de nouveaux domaines. Troisièmement, le type de protection auquel se heurtent les exportations d’un pays contribue aussi pour beaucoup à définir les conditions et les possibilités d’échanges. En résumé, la nature des règles de l’OMC, leur portée et les conditions d’accès aux marchés sont les trois grands domaines qui déterminent la qualité et l’utilité de l’OMC pour ses Membres. Comme il fallait s’y attendre, chacun de ces trois aspects occupe une place importante dans le Programme de Doha pour le développement.
The 2013 WTO accession of Lao PDR: Specific commitments and the integration of leastdeveloped countries into the global economy
When Lao PDR applied for membership of the WTO in 1997, it used the WTO accession process as a tool to implement its decision to establish a market economy and fully integrate into the world economy. Although at the outset market access was not considered to be the principal benefit to be derived from WTO accession, Lao PDR was aware that WTO membership would give its economy additional security and predictability. WTO accession negotiations allowed Lao PDR to apply international best practices and to align its trade policy with the principles of nondiscrimination and transparency. Adaptation to international trade requirements is a longer-term challenge, and post-accession challenges remain, but the benefits are significant and worthwhile.
Las tecnologías digitales y sus efectos económicos en el comercio
En esta sección se estudia la transformación del comercio internacional que se está produciendo debido a las nuevas tecnologías, que están creando nuevas oportunidades para conseguir un sistema de comercio más inclusivo y están planteando nuevos desafíos. Al comienzo de la sección se examina la influencia de las tecnologías digitales en los costos del comercio internacional. A continuación, se analizan los cambios que las tecnologías digitales causan en la naturaleza de los intercambios, en la forma en que se lleva a cabo el comercio y en los agentes y el contenido del comercio. Por último, se cuantifican las posibles repercusiones de algunas tendencias importantes en el desarrollo tecnológico, y se formulan proyecciones a largo plazo sobre el comercio internacional empleando el Modelo de Comercio Mundial de la OMC.
Algunos acontecimientos y cuestiones comerciales
El Acuerdo sobre los Textiles y el Vestido (ATV) expiró el 1º de enero de 2005. Se manifestó gran interés, así como inquietud en las repercusiones que la eliminación de las restricciones contingentarias podría tener para la producción y el comercio. Era evidente para la mayoría de los observadores que habría quienes saldrían ganando gracias a la liberalización adicional en tanto que otros saldrían perdiendo. Es demasiado pronto para decir cómo será el mercado después del período relativamente breve en que podemos basar nuestras observaciones, pero en esta nota se examina lo que sabemos hasta ahora de la estructura del comercio desde que se eliminaron (buena parte de) las restricciones cuantitativas. Hay que hacer una salvedad: no cabe duda de que la expiración del ATV influyó en la estructura del comercio observada en 2005, pero no hemos elaborado un enfoque analítico riguroso para examinar los demás factores que también podrían influir en ella.
Recent Trends in Global Value Chains
The last few years have been challenging for globalization. While the world has benefited from the fragmented networks of production-sharing known as global value chains (GVCs), concerns are being raised over their risks. Chapter 1 of the Global Value Chain Development Report 2019 pointed to a rise in protectionism in general and a brewing trade conflict between the United States (US) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in particular. More obstacles have since emerged from the sudden and simultaneous closure of borders due to the COVID-19 pandemic that exposed vulnerabilities in some supply chains, rattling policymakers (Chapter 5). Despite these challenges, GVCs—for supporters and detractors alike—remain a reality that cannot be ignored. Indeed, the very vaccines crucial to ending the COVID-19 pandemic rely on multinational partnerships for the over 200 components that go into them (Irwin 2021).
Resumen
El Informe del Comercio Mundial 2006 comienza con un breve resumen de las tendencias más destacadas del comercio internacional, basado en un Informe anterior de la Secretaría publicado en el mes de abril. También ofrecemos breves comentarios analíticos sobre algunas cuestiones comerciales de actualidad, que este año se refieren a las recientes tendencias en el comercio de los textiles y el vestido, un examen de la evolución de los pagos internacionales de regalías y derechos, la evolución del comercio de los países menos adelantados y un análisis de los efectos de los desastres naturales y los actos de terrorismo sobre las corrientes comerciales internacionales. El tema básico del análisis que se aborda en el Informe del Comercio Mundial 2006 es el de las subvenciones. En el Informe se examina esta esfera de políticas y se estudia la manera en que se definen las subvenciones, qué es lo que puede decir la teoría económica acerca de ellas, por qué los gobiernos las utilizan, cuáles son los principales sectores en los que se aplican las subvenciones y la función del Acuerdo sobre la OMC en la regulación de las subvenciones en el contexto del comercio internacional.
Multilateralizing regionalism: Lessons from the EU experience in relaxing rules of origin
Over the last fifteen years or so the world trading system has witnessed the dramatic emergence and rise of regional or preferential trading agreements (RTAs/PTAs). This appears to be a significant shift away from the principle of multilateralism that the world trading system has been built around since the Second World War. There are a number of posited reasons for this emergence of regionalism, which between them suggest that liberalizing trade regionally rather than multilaterally may be easier to achieve, and that regional agreements may be able to ‘reach the parts that multilateralism cannot reach’ – i.e. that they might be able to go significantly further in key policy areas.