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Non-tariff measures
Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are becoming more and more relevant in their influence on global trade patterns as the reductions in tariff rates over several rounds of multilateral tariff negotiations have diminished the impact of tariffs. The vast range of NTMs and their potential complexity make it sometimes very difficult to get a good overview of their existence and application. Following the brief introduction to this classification, statistical information on the incidence of three well known and well defined NTMs is presented. These three measures, anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguard measures are actually “tariff-like” measures, in that they act via a tariff rate or price surcharge.
Anatomy of preferential trade agreements
This section considers to what extent conclusions about deep preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and production networks, reached in Section C, are supported by evidence. The evidence presented includes an examination of the magnitude of preferential tariff rates, the coverage and contents of the agreements, econometric evidence on the relationship between production networks and deeper PTAs and the integration experience of specific PTAs.
Introduction
La multiplication rapide des accords commerciaux préférentiels (ACPr) a été un élément majeur de la politique commerciale internationale au cours des dernières années. Les ACPr constituent une exception au principe général de la nation la plus favorisée (NPF) inscrit dans les Accords de l’OMC, en vertu duquel tous les Membres de l’OMC appliquent entre eux les mêmes droits de douane non discriminatoires. À l’exception de la Mongolie, tous les Membres de l’OMC sont parties à au moins un ACPr. L’intérêt pour la négociation d’ACPr semble s’être maintenu malgré la crise économique mondiale. En fait, la crise économique elle-même peut inciter les gouvernements à négocier de nouveaux ACPr, tant pour préserver l’ouverture des marchés alors que des pressions politiques s’exercent en faveur d’une réduction de l’accès aux marchés que pour instaurer plus d’ouverture. La prolifération des ACPr a suscité parallèlement d’abondantes recherches sur le sujet. Mais le présent rapport apporte des points de vue et des éclairages nouveaux sur ce domaine important de la politique commerciale.
Introduction
The rapid increase in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has been a prominent feature of international trade policy in recent times. PTAs constitute an exception to the general most-favoured nation (MFN) provision of the WTO, whereby all WTO members impose on each other the same nondiscriminatory tariff. With the exception of Mongolia, all WTO members are party to at least one PTA. Interest in negotiating PTAs appears to have been sustained despite the global economic crisis. Indeed, the economic crisis itself may be spurring governments to negotiate new PTAs as much to preserve existing openness in the face of political pressure to reduce access as to generate new openness. The explosion of PTAs has triggered a parallel eruption of research on the subject. Nevertheless, this report provides fresh perspectives and insights into this important area of trade policy.