Suivi du commerce
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Avant-propos
La réussite de la douzième Conférence ministérielle de l’OMC (CM12) est une étape importante vers un système commercial multilatéral plus solide et plus efficace. La CM12 montre que l’OMC parvient à des résultats bénéfiques pour les populations du monde entier. Elle a également mis en avant le rôle important de l’OMC dans la résolution des problèmes qui touchent le patrimoine commun de l’humanité, dans des domaines comme l’environnement et la sécurité alimentaire, et dans l’action dans l’intérêt des Membres à différents niveaux de développement économique.
Report by China
Following the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China pursues high-quality development as the main theme, grounds its efforts on the new development stage, applies the new development philosophy, and fosters a new development paradigm. In this process, China has been continuously enhancing the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and pursuing a new pattern of opening-up on all fronts. As always, China is committed to developing new systems for an open economy, building a community of a shared future for mankind, and making significant contributions to the world economic recovery.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Prólogo
La conclusión satisfactoria de la Duodécima Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC (CM12) es un paso importante hacia un sistema multilateral de comercio más fuerte y eficaz. La CM12 ha demostrado que la OMC produce resultados que benefician a la población de todo el mundo. La CM12 también ha puesto de relieve la importancia de la OMC para resolver los problemas relacionados con el patrimonio común de la humanidad en esferas como el medio ambiente y la seguridad alimentaria y para actuar en favor de los intereses de los Miembros sea cual sea su nivel de desarrollo económico.
Conclusion
Les résultats de l’exercice de suivi et d’évaluation OCDE-OMC 2022 soulignent qu’il est nécessaire de renforcer l’Aide pour le commerce et de mieux cibler les financements. Ils confirment que la pandémie de COVID-19 a constitué un revers important pour l’intégration de nombreux pays en développement dans le commerce mondial et pour leurs perspectives de développement, notamment pour les pays les moins avancés (PMA).
Report by the WTO Secretariat
Since China’s previous Trade Policy Review in 2018, the country’s economy has been a major driver of global growth. Real GDP growth rates fell from just under 7.0% in 2016-18 to 6.0% in 2019 and 2.3% in 2020. Growth is projected to reach 6.0% again in 2021, as economic activities are expected to normalize. China’s GDP per capita was USD 11,710 in 2020, up from USD 9,976 in 2018. The long-term structural changes in China’s economy, away from agriculture and industry towards services, continued during the review period. Services now make up some 55% of GDP. Remarkable progress on poverty alleviation has been achieved over the past decades, resulting from high GDP growth rates and market-oriented reforms.
Introducción
La Ayuda para el Comercio tiene por objeto permitir a los países en desarrollo, y en particular a los países menos adelantados (PMA), utilizar el comercio para fomentar el crecimiento económico, el desarrollo sostenible y la reducción de la pobreza. Promueve la integración de los países en desarrollo, especialmente los PMA, en el sistema multilateral de comercio y su objetivo es movilizar el apoyo necesario para crear capacidad de oferta e infraestructura relacionada con el comercio en estos países a fin de mejorar los resultados comerciales.
Concluding Remarks by the Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body, H.E. Dr. Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme of Botswana at the Trade Policy Review of China, 20 and 22 October 2021.
This eighth Trade Policy Review of China has indeed allowed us to better understand the important developments in the economic, trade and investment regime of China over the last three years. I would like to thank the Chinese delegation headed by Mr Wang Wentao, Minister of Commerce, for their very active participation and engagement in this exercise.
Introduction
L’Aide pour le commerce vise à permettre aux pays en développement, et en particulier aux pays les moins avancés (PMA), d’utiliser le commerce comme moyen de promouvoir la croissance économique, le développement durable et la réduction de la pauvreté. Elle favorise l’intégration des pays en développement, en particulier les PMA, dans le système commercial multilatéral et vise à dynamiser le soutien pour renforcer les capacités du côté de l’offre et l’infrastructure liée au commerce dans ces pays afin d’améliorer les résultats commerciaux.
Introduction
Aid for Trade seeks to enable developing countries, and in particular least-developed countries (LDCs), to use trade as a means of fostering economic growth, sustainable development and poverty reduction. It promotes the integration of developing countries, especially LDCs, into the multilateral trading system and aims to galvanize support to build supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure in these countries to improve trade performance.
Foreword
The successful conclusion to the WTO’s 12th Ministerial Conference (MC12) is an important step towards a stronger and more effective multilateral trading system. MC12 shows that the WTO delivers results for the benefit of people around the world. MC12 has also highlighted the important role of the WTO in addressing the problems of the global commons in areas such as the environment and food security and in acting in the interests of members across different levels of economic development.
Conclusion
The results of the 2022 OECD–WTO monitoring and evaluation (M&E) exercise underline the need for more Aid for Trade and for better-targeted financing. They confirm that the COVID-19 pandemic was a significant setback for the integration into world trade of many developing countries and for their development prospects, especially for least-developed countries (LDCs).
Executive summary
Trade objectives feature prominently in the development strategies of developing countries. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, trade remains a development priority. This is the strong message that emerges from the 2022 Aid for Trade monitoring and evaluation (M&E) exercise, conducted jointly with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Conclusiones
Los resultados del ejercicio conjunto de vigilancia y evaluación de la OCDE y la OMC de 2022 ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de más Ayuda para el Comercio y de una financiación mejor orientada. Confirman que la pandemia de COVID-19 fue un importante retroceso para la integración de muchos países en desarrollo en el comercio mundial y para sus perspectivas de desarrollo, especialmente en el caso de los países menos adelantados (PMA).
Report by the WTO Secretariat
During the review period 2015-21, New Zealand continued to strengthen its position as one of the most open economies in the world and updated some elements of its trade and investment regime. New Zealand considers trade as critical for its prosperity and seeks to ensure that trade is inclusive.
Report by the WTO Secretariat
The Republic of Moldova is a small, open, landlocked, upper-middle-income country. The services sector dominates the economy, accounting for 64% of GDP, while agriculture continues to play an important role as well (accounting for 12% of GDP and around 21% of employment), particularly in rural areas. Remittances represented nearly 15% of GDP in 2021, and the population has continued to decline as relatively young workers emigrate. The Republic of Moldova is dependent on imports of fossil fuels (including gas, which is also used to generate electricity), while state-owned enterprises continue to play an important role in the economy, particularly in terms of employment.
Observaciones formuladas a modo de conclusión por la Presidenta, Excma. Sra. Dra. Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme de Botswana, en nombre del actual Presidente del Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales, Excmo. Sr. Ángel Villalobos Rodríguez de México, en la reunión de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales de México celebrada los días 5 y 7 de octubre de 2022.
Este séptimo examen de las políticas comerciales ha ofrecido una excelente oportunidad para examinar los principales cambios de las políticas comerciales y de inversión de México y las dificultades que se han planteado en relación con estas desde que se realizó el último examen en 2017. Quiero dar las gracias a la Subsecretaria de Comercio Exterior de la Secretaría de Economía, Excma. Sra. Luz María de la Mora Sánchez, que ha viajado de México, así como al Embajador Ángel Villalobos y al resto de la delegación de México, por su activa participación en este examen. Asimismo, me gustaría dar las gracias a nuestra ponente, la Excma. Sra. Embajadora Clare Kelly (Nueva Zelandia) por su valiosa contribución.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Concluding Remarks by the Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body, H.E. Mr Ángel Villalobos Rodríguez of Mexico, at the Trade Policy Review of Brazil, 23 and 25 November 2022.
The eighth Trade Policy Review of Brazil has offered us a good opportunity to deepen our understanding of recent developments in, and challenges to, its trade, economic, and investment policies. Since its seventh TPR in 2017, Brazil’s initiatives to maintain its participation in the Multilateral Trading System and take advantage of the opportunities it offers were greatly appreciated. Indeed, the 958 advance written questions submitted by 38 Members and the 51 delegations that took the floor during the first and second day underline the importance attached by Members to Brazil’s trade and investment policies and practices.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Concluding Remarks by the Chairperson, H.E. Dr Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme of Botswana, acting on behalf of the current Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body, H.E. Mr Ángel Villalobos Rodríguez of Mexico, at the Trade Policy Review of Mexico, 5 and 7 October 2022.
This seventh Trade Policy Review has provided an excellent opportunity to review the main developments in, and challenges of, Mexico’s trade and investment policies since its last Review in 2017. I would like to thank Undersecretary for Foreign Trade at the Secretariat of Economy, the Hon. Ms Luz María de la Mora Sánchez, who has travelled from Mexico, and Ambassador Ángel Villalobos and the rest of the Mexican delegation for their active engagement in this Review. I would also like to thank our discussant, Ambassador Clare Kelly of New Zealand, for her valuable contribution.
Informe de México
Este Séptimo Examen de las Políticas Comerciales de México se enmarca en un periodo de alta inestabilidad económica internacional. Nuestro país, como una economía abierta y con fuertes lazos económicos con la comunidad internacional, se ha visto afectado por los efectos negativos de dicho entorno.
Qui nous sommes
L’OMC est dirigée par les gouvernements Membres. Toutes les grandes décisions sont prises par l’ensemble des Membres, soit au niveau des ministres (qui se réunissent normalement au moins tous les deux ans) soit au niveau des ambassadeurs ou des délégués (qui se rencontrent régulièrement au siège de l’OMC, à Genève). Les décisions sont normalement prises par consensus. Le Secrétariat de l’OMC coordonne les activités de l’Organisation.
Ce que nous défendons
Des principes fondamentaux simples sont à la base du système commercial multilatéral. Ces principes sont au coeur de toutes les activités de l’OMC depuis sa création en 1995.
Introduction
The overall objective of the WTO is to help its members use trade as a means to raise living standards, create jobs and improve people’s lives. The WTO operates the global system of trade rules and helps developing economies build their trade capacity. It also provides a forum for its members to negotiate trade agreements and to resolve the trade problems they face with each other.
What we do
The WTO operates the global system of trade rules, guaranteeing WTO member governments important trade rights.
What we stand for
Simple, fundamental principles form the foundations of the multilateral trading system. These principles have lain at the core of all WTO activities since its creation in 1995.
Who we are
The WTO is run by its member governments. All major decisions are made by the membership as a whole, either by ministers (who meet at least once every two years) or by their ambassadors or delegates (who meet regularly at the WTO’s headquarters in Geneva). Decisions are normally taken by consensus. The WTO Secretariat coordinates the activities of the WTO.
Prefacio
El Mecanismo de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales (MEPC), establecido a título experimental por las partes contratantes del GATT en abril de 1989, se ha convertido en un elemento permanente de la Organización Mundial del Comercio en virtud del Acuerdo de Marrakech por el que se estableció esta Organización en enero de 1995.
Report by Brazil
The Brazilian Government is pleased to submit its eighth Trade Policy Report to WTO Members. Brazil considers this periodic review mechanism as a key element of the multilateral trading system embodied in the WTO, contributing to a more transparent and comprehensive understanding of Members’ trade policies and regulatory frameworks.
Report by the WTO Secretariat
The Mexican economy experienced a severe downturn starting in mid-2018, followed by a slight contraction in real GDP in 2019 due in particular to a fall in gross capital formation, a reduction in public spending and a slowdown in private consumption. In 2020, the economy was badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused GDP to shrink by 8.2% during the year. In 2021, the Mexican economy rebounded, with GDP growth of around 4.8%, thanks in large part to the measures adopted to deal with the pandemic, which were aimed primarily at assisting the hardest-hit families and businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises. These measures include the opening of facilities to provide an adequate level of liquidity, incentives for the restructuring of bank loans and the implementation of social programmes and business support programmes, such as the Financial Support Programme for Family-Run Microenterprises.
Report by WTO Secretariat
Located in the Horn of Africa, Djibouti is a least developed country (LDC) and has been classified by the World Bank as a lower-middle-income country. It had a gross national income per capita of USD 5,610 in 2020. Its geographical location, port infrastructure and political stability make it a major maritime hub and have prompted several countries to establish military bases there. Revenue from the bases and from port activities has fostered the emergence of a modern segment of the economy that coexists with a large informal sector. However, the high cost of production factors and the strong presence of public companies continue to hinder the country’s economic development. Given Djibouti’s narrow production base, international trade is fundamental for the country, which relies almost exclusively on imports to meet its domestic demand for most goods and some services. Thanks to the infrastructure (especially ports), re-exports far outstrip exports.
Report by Djibouti
The Republic of Djibouti is a State in the Horn of Africa, located on the Red Sea and bordered to the north by Eritrea, to the north-west, west and south by Ethiopia, and to the south-east by Somalia. The territory is delimited by 370 kilometres of coastline, the population is estimated to be 1 million and the country has no natural resources.
Introduction
Le Mécanisme d’examen des politiques commerciales (MEPC) a été établi à titre expérimental par les parties contractantes du GATT en avril 1989. Il est devenu un élément permanent de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce en vertu de l’Accord de Marrakech qui a institué cette organisation en janvier 1995.
Rapport du Secrétariat de l’OMC
Situé dans la corne de l’Afrique, Djibouti est un pays moins avancé (PMA), à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche inférieure, selon le classement de la Banque Mondiale. Son Revenu national brut par habitant était de 5 610 dollars EU en 2020. Sa situation géographique, ses infrastructures portuaires et sa stabilité politique en font un important carrefour maritime et y ont favorisé l’installation de bases militaires par plusieurs pays. Les revenus découlant des bases militaires et des activités portuaires ont favorisé l’émergence d’un segment moderne de l’économie qui cohabite avec un large secteur informel. Cependant, les coûts élevés des facteurs de production et la forte présence d’entreprises publiques continuent de retarder le développement économique du pays. Du fait de l’étroitesse de sa base de production, le commerce international joue un rôle incontournable pour Djibouti qui recourt presqu’exclusivement aux importations pour satisfaire sa demande nationale de la plupart des biens et certains services. Favorisées par les infrastructures (portuaires surtout), les réexportations dominent largement les exportations.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Report by United States
As we undergo our fifteenth trade policy review, the United States affirms that our priorities at the WTO and in the global trading system are more important than ever. We are leveraging our core values of fairness, inclusivity, growth, and sustainability to navigate the myriad complex challenges we find ourselves in today: a pandemic response, violent conflict initiated by one WTO Member against another, supply chain shortages, and environmental concerns.
Report by the Secretariat
The United States has a large economy that is highly integrated with the rest of the world. After a period of stable economic growth in 2018 and 2019, when real GDP expanded by 2.9% and 2.3%, respectively, the U.S. economy suffered the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Real GDP contracted by 3.4% in 2020 after 11 consecutive years of expansion. The economy experienced a rapid rebound in 2021, aided by the support packages put in place by the Government and by an easing of monetary conditions. This led to a real GDP growth rate of 5.7% in 2021.
Rapport de Djibouti
La République de Djibouti est un état de la Corne de l’Afrique, située sur la mer Rouge et bordée au nord par l’Erythrée, au nord-ouest, à l’ouest et au sud par l’Ethiopie, et au sud-est par la Somalie. La superficie du territoire est limitée avec 370 kilomètres de façade maritime, la population est estimée à un million d’habitants et le pays ne dispose pas de ressources naturelles.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Commerce et changements climatiques
Lors de cette conférence, l’OMC a coorganisé avec les É.A.U. une «Journée du commerce», en coopération avec ONU commerce et développement (CNUCED), la Chambre de commerce internationale, le Forum économique mondial et le Département du développement économique d’Abou Dhabi, soulignant ainsi le rôle crucial du commerce.
What we stand for
Simple, fundamental principles form the foundations of the multilateral trading system. These principles have lain at the core of all WTO activities since its creation in 1995.