Trade monitoring
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Women’s Economic Empowerment
Aid for Trade supports developing and least-developed countries in building their trade capacity and in increasing their exports by turning market access opportunities into market presence. It does so by addressing four key areas: trade policy & regulations; economic infrastructure; building productive capacity; and trade-related adjustment.
The Treatment of Medical Products in Regional Trade Agreements
The WTO Secretariat has published a new report on the treatment of medical products in regional trade agreements (RTAs) amid current supply shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The report examines the extent medical products are traded among preferential partners and the difference in liberalization rates within and outside these trade agreements.
Export Quality in Advanced and Developing Economies
This paper develops new estimates of export quality far more extensive than previous efforts covering 178 countries and hundreds of products during the period 1962—2010. It finds that quality upgrading is particularly rapid during the early stages of development with the process largely completed as a country reaches upper middle-income status. There is significant cross-country heterogeneity in the growth rate of quality. Within any given product line quality converges over time to the world frontier. Institutional quality liberal trade policies FDI inflows and human capital all promote quality upgrading although their impact varies across sectors. The results suggest that reducing barriers to entry into new sectors can allow economies to benefit from rapid quality convergence over time.
WTO Trade Monitoring Ten Years on Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead
A decade has passed since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008. Less than a month after the collapse of the investment bank Lehman Brothers an internal Secretariat Task Force was established by the WTO Director-General to monitor the trade related developments associated with the global financial crisis.
Trade Imbalances and Multilateral Trade Cooperation
Rising current account and merchandise trade imbalances marked the years before the global financial and economic crisis. These imbalances either contributed to or precipitated the crisis and to the extent that they create systemic risks it is desirable that they be reduced. There are many factors related to macroeconomic structural exchange rate and financial policies that contributed to the imbalances. The inability to manage these issues at the international level reflects the “coherence gap” in global governance. This paper examines the contribution that the WTO can make in its three areas of activities — negotiations rule-making and dispute settlement — to deal with trade imbalances and with the main factors leading to them including exchange rate misalignments. First market opening efforts in services including in the area of financial services can reduce policy-related distortions and market imperfections in surplus countries that lead to the build-up of unsustainable imbalances. Second in the context of a broad international effort to coordinate macroeconomic exchange rate and structural policies to deal with the roots of imbalances (the first-best solution) there is a general efficiency argument that could be made for the use of WTO-triggered trade actions to enforce cooperative behaviour towards rebalancing. Absent this first-best response trade rules alone would not provide an efficient instrument to compensate for the weaknesses in international co-operation in macroeconomic exchange rate and structural policies.
The WTO's TPR Coverage of SPS Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa
The main purpose of the paper is to present the coverage of SPS systems in SSA countries by TPR reports and their main findings. It also opens the discussion as to whether the SPS analytical framework in TPR reports has been sufficiently comprehensive and beneficial in guiding technical assistance (TPR follow-up) activities in SSA. At the outset we briefly present the strategic importance of agriculture in SSA countries with a description of the link between an effective SPS regulatory system and the performance of agriculture.
Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead for the WTO Trade Monitoring Exercise
A little over a decade has passed since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008. Shortly after the collapse of the Lehman Brothers investment bank an internal Secretariat Task Force was established by the WTO Director-General to monitor the trade-related developments associated with the crisis. Meeting in London in early 2009 the G20 Leaders mandated the WTO together with other international bodies to monitor and report publicly on G20 adherence to resisting protectionism and promoting global trade and investment. Since then 22 G20 reports and 24 WTO-wide reports have been published.
Transparency — Why it Matters at Times of Crisis
For trade in goods and services to flow traders and governments need to know the rules. At no time is this more critical than at moments of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. New trade measures are being taken by governments every day in response to COVID-19. If the different actors engaged in supply chains are not aware of these new requirements they can struggle to adapt to the new conditions thereby risking unnecessary disruptions. Transparency is precisely about allowing access to this information and more. It enables governments and traders to keep up to date in a rapidly evolving trade landscape and provides.
International Trade in Travel and Tourism Services
In this paper we investigate tourism-related policy approaches that WTO member countries adopted in the early weeks of the COVID-19 crisis. We highlight the need for stakeholders to coordinate their responses in order to mitigate the negative crisis effects and better prepare the sector for the future. In doing so we explore the economic impact of potential tourism scenarios underlining both the demand and supply side effects of the crisis.
Trade and Environment
In order to ensure transparency and to keep abreast of trade policies in support of sustainability the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE) mandated the WTO Secretariat to compile and collate all environment-related measures notified to WTO. The database also includes environment-related entries found in Trade Policy Reviews (TPRs).
Forecasting Trade
This paper develops a set of time series models to provide short-term forecasts (6 to 18 months ahead) of international trade both at the global level and for selected regions. Our results compare favourably to other forecasts notably by the International Monetary Fund as measured by standard evaluation measures such as the root mean square forecast error. In comparison to other models our approach offers several methodological advantages inter alia a focus on import growth as the core variable the avoidance of certain difficulties affecting the performance of structural models the selection of variables and lags on the basis of theoretical considerations and empirical testing as well as a full documentation of the modelling process.
Lessons from the First Two Decades of Trade Policy Reviews in the Americas
The Trade Policy Reviews conducted in the Western Hemisphere over 1989-2009 contain a wealth of information that puts in clear evidence the considerable improvements achieved in most American countries during the first two decades of operation of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism. Those Reviews show that trade liberalization came hand-in-hand with internal reforms and was generally of an autonomous nature and an intrinsic component of improved economic management. Trade liberalization slowed down during the second decade under review with tariffs having come down mostly during the earlier years. The use of non-tariff barriers also fell over time although at a slow pace in some of the smallest Members which found it difficult to implement the more complex trade policy instrument applied by larger countries. Export and other government assistance schemes proliferated throughout the continent but were often characterized by a lack of unity in the criteria used to assign and apply them. The review period also witnessed enormous changes in the services sectors where reforms usually proved more complex than in the goods area. The multilateral and other international trade agreements contributed to the stability of trade policies and the general rejection of protectionism although backtracking did occur in a number of cases. Because the commitments made during the Uruguay Round negotiation now fall short of the more liberal trade regimes that came to be over the review period most Members in the Americas could presently raise trade and investment barriers without violating multilateral rules. Thus the pressing need to conclude the Doha Development Agenda in order to lock in the considerable trade policy liberalization achieved during past years and to strengthen the multilateral trading system.
Trade in Medical Goods in the Context of Tackling COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought considerable attention to trade in medical products and specifically trade in products for prevention testing and treatment. This study provides a comprehensive overview of trade and tariffs imposed on medical goods in general many of which appear to be in severe shortage as a result of the current crisis. The purpose of this note is to provide factual information on how these goods are traded globally.
Developing and Delivering COVID-19 Vaccines Around the World
The WTO Secretariat has published a new information note on trade-related issues for COVID-19 vaccine production manufacturing and deployment. The note entitled “Developing and delivering COVID-19 vaccines around the world” explores how trade policy can play its part in ensuring the rapid roll-out of vaccines against COVID-19.