Brazil
Trade Policy Review: Brazil 2017
“Trade Policy Reviews" analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - "key trade facts" - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Brazil.
Trade Policy Review: Brazil 2009
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Brazil.
Trade Policy Review: Brazil 2022
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Brazil.
Convergence en matière de commerce électronique : les cas de l’Argentine, du Brésil et du MERCOSUR
Le commerce électronique connaît une croissance rapide en Argentine et au Brésil et, dans ces deux pays, la part de la population qui effectue des transactions en ligne dépasse la moyenne enregistrée pour l’ensemble de l’Amérique latine. Les deux pays ont établi un cadre juridique pour la protection des données, la réglementation d’Internet, la protection des consommateurs, la fiscalité du commerce électronique et les contrats et signatures électroniques. L’Argentine et le Brésil ont également soumis des propositions de négociations sur le traitement des transactions effectuées en ligne par le truchement d’accords de l’OMC et ont inclus des dispositions relatives au commerce électronique dans les accords de libre-échange (ALE). Cependant, les différentes approches adoptées en matière de réglementation interne du commerce électronique et les divergences de positions exprimées lors des négociations internationales sont révélatrices des différences d’approches réglementaires, qui ne feront qu’accroître l’incertitude juridique et, partant, limiter les investissements et l’expansion du marché dans ce secteur. Il existe une seule exception, qui concerne la réglementation de la protection des données, puisque les deux pays suivent les principes énoncés dans le Règlement général de l’Union européenne sur la protection des données (RGPD). Le meilleur moyen d’engager de nouvelles négociations entre les deux pays concernant la convergence des réglementations en matière de commerce électronique serait de le faire sous l’égide du Marché commun du Sud (MERCOSUR).
Enforcement of Labour Regulation and the Labour Market Effects of Trade: Evidence from Brazil
This chapter examines how enforcement of labour regulation shapes the labour market effects of trade. To do so, we focus on the early 1990s Brazilian trade liberalization episode, which was a unilateral and extensive tariff reduction process.
Report by the WTO Secretariat
Since its previous Trade Policy Review in 2013, Brazil’s largely domestic demand-driven economy slowed down and entered a severe recession in 2015-16, triggered by deteriorating terms of trade and exacerbated by a bout of political uncertainty. Annual GDP growth dropped from 3% in 2013 to 0.9% in 2014 and then turned negative in 2015 and 2016 with consumption and gross fixed capital formation following a similar trend. The recession, one of the most severe in Brazil’s history, has been accompanied by a steep rise in inflation (8.7% in 2016) and unemployment (11.3% in 2016) as well as fiscal discipline challenges. While the Brazilian financial system was not significantly impacted by the economic downturn, domestic lending became more cautious and borrower demand decreased.
La convergencia en materia de comercio electrónico: el caso de la Argentina, el Brasil y el MERCUSOR
El comercio electrónico está creciendo rápidamente en la Argentina y el Brasil, y en ambos países la proporción de la población que participa en transacciones de comercio electrónico supera el promedio latinoamericano. Los dos países han establecido un marco jurídico para la protección de datos, la reglamentación de Internet, la protección de los consumidores, la fiscalidad del comercio electrónico y los contratos y las firmas electrónicas. La Argentina y el Brasil también han presentado propuestas de negociación sobre el trato de las transacciones de comercio electrónico en los Acuerdos de la OMC y han incluido disposiciones sobre el comercio electrónico en sus acuerdos de libre comercio (ALC). Sin embargo, las diferencias en la reglamentación interna del comercio electrónico y en las posiciones mantenidas en las negociaciones internacionales indican la existencia de enfoques normativos dispares que aumentarán la incertidumbre jurídica y, por lo tanto, limitarán la inversión en el sector y su expansión. Una excepción es la reglamentación sobre protección de datos, en la que ambos países se basan en los principios establecidos en el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos (RGPD) de la Unión Europea. La mejor manera que tendrían los dos países de entablar nuevas negociaciones sobre la convergencia normativa en el ámbito del comercio electrónico sería a través del Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR).
Convergence on e-commerce: the case of Argentina, Brazil and MERCOSUR
E-commerce is growing rapidly in Argentina and Brazil, and in both countries the share of the population participating in e-commerce transactions exceeds the Latin American average. Both countries have established a legal framework for data protection, regulation of the internet, consumer protection, taxation of e-commerce, and contracts and e-signatures. Argentina and Brazil also have submitted proposals for negotiations over the treatment of e-commerce transactions in WTO Agreements, and included e-commerce provisions in free trade agreements (FTAs). However, different approaches to internal regulation of e-commerce and differences in positions in international negotiations indicate diverging regulatory approaches that will increase legal uncertainty and thus constrain investments and market expansion in the sector. An exception is the regulation of data protection, where both countries are following principles laid out in the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Further negotiations between the two countries over regulatory convergence for e-commerce could best be undertaken through the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR).
The Trade Facilitation Agreement and its impacts on the Brazilian transformation industry
The WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) will have a great impact on and could unlock important potential for the Brazilian transformation industry. As a developing country, Brazil would have to make significant changes in its legislation in order to adopt a single window (“Portal Único”) for exporters and importers. This chapter concludes that the TFA will have a positive impact on the Brazilian economy in the years to come. Indeed, as Brazil is one of the world’s 10 largest economies, its Portal Único Programme has the potential, once fully implemented, to produce significant impacts on the Brazilian economy, increasing GDP by nearly US$ 70 billion per year in the long term. Empirical analyses in this chapter also suggest that the reduction of transaction costs may have positive effects not only for Brazil but also for many other WTO members.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Report by Brazil
Since its previous Trade Policy Review in 2013, Brazil’s largely domestic demand-driven economy slowed down and entered a severe recession in 2015-16, triggered by deteriorating terms of trade and exacerbated by a bout of political uncertainty. Annual GDP growth dropped from 3% in 2013 to 0.9% in 2014 and then turned negative in 2015 and 2016 with consumption and gross fixed capital formation following a similar trend. The recession, one of the most severe in Brazil’s history, has been accompanied by a steep rise in inflation (8.7% in 2016) and unemployment (11.3% in 2016) as well as fiscal discipline challenges. While the Brazilian financial system was not significantly impacted by the economic downturn, domestic lending became more cautious and borrower demand decreased.
Preface
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Concluding remarks by the Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body
I would like to thank the Brazilian delegation, led by the Director of the Economic Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Pedro Miguel da Costa e Silva. Also, I would like to thank our discussant Ambassador Gennady Ovechko of the Russian Federation for his insightful remarks, and all the delegations that took the floor for their valuable contributions to this Review.
European communities and certain member states - Measures affecting trade in large civil aircraft (Boeing - Airbus) - Recourse 2
On 2 December 2019 the WTO circulated the compliance panel report in the case brought by the European Union in “European Communities and Certain Member States - Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft - Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the EU” (DS316)
Communautés européennes - Subventions à l’exportation de sucre
Le 15 octobre 2004, l’OMC a publié le rapport du Groupe spécial dans l’affaire “Communautés européennes - Subventions à l’exportation de sucre”.
Estados Unidos - Medidas compensatorias sobre la madera blanda procedente del Canadá
El 24 de agosto de 2020, la OMC distribuyó el informe del Grupo Especial que entendió en la diferencia planteada por el Canadá, a saber, “Estados Unidos — Medidas compensatorias sobre la madera blanda procedente del Canadá” (DS533).
European Communities - Measures Affecting the Importation of Certain Poultry Products
On 24 February 1997, Brazil requested consultations with the EC in respect of the EC regime for the importation of certain poultry products and the implementation by the EC of the Tariff Rate Quota for these products. Brazil contended that the EC measures are inconsistent with Articles X and XXVII of GATT 1994 and Articles 1 and 3 of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures. Brazil also contended that the measures nullify or impair benefits accruing to it directly or indirectly under GATT 1994.
Brasil - Determinadas medidas relativas a la tributación y las cargas
El 13 de diciembre 2018, el Órgano de Apelación de la OMC emitió su informe sobre los asuntos planteados por la Unión Europea y el Japón “Brasil — Determinadas medidas relativas a la tributación y las cargas” (DS472 y DS497).
Brazil - Export Financing Programme for Aircraft
On 19 June 1996, Canada requested consultations with Brazil under Article 4 of the SCM Agreement, which provides for special procedures for export subsidies. Canada claimed that export subsidies granted under the Brazilian Programa de Financiamento às Exportações (PROEX) to foreign purchasers of Brazil’s Embraer aircraft are inconsistent with Articles 3, 27.4 and 27.5 of the SCM Agreement.
Brasil - Medidas que afectan a las importaciones de neumáticos recauchutados
El 12 de junio de 2007, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Brasil - Medidas que afectan a las importaciones de neumáticos recauchutados”.
Estados Unidos - Medidas antidumping y compensatorias sobre determinado papel estucado o cuché procedente de Indonesia
El 06 de diciembre de 2017, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Estados Unidos - Medidas antidumping y compensatorias sobre determinado papel estucado o cuché procedente de Indonesia”.
Brazil - Export Financing Programme for Aircraft - Recourse 1
On 19 June 1996, Canada requested consultations with Brazil under Article 4 of the SCM Agreement, which provides for special procedures for export subsidies. Canada claimed that export subsidies granted under the Brazilian Programa de Financiamento às Exportações (PROEX) to foreign purchasers of Brazil’s Embraer aircraft are inconsistent with Articles 3, 27.4 and 27.5 of the SCM Agreement.
Union européenne - Mesures affectant les concessions tarifaires concernant certains produits à base de viande de volaille
Le 28 mars 2017, l’OMC a publié le rapport du Groupe spécial dans le cadre de la procédure engagée par la Chine au sujet de l’affaire “Union européenne — Mesures affectant les concessions tarifaires concernant certains produits à base de viande de volaille”.
European Union - Cost Adjustment Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports from Russia - (Second complaint)
On 24 July 2020 the WTO circulated the dispute panel report in the case brought by the Russian Federation in “European Union - Cost Adjustment Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports from Russia - Second complaint)” (DS494).
United States - Subsidies on Upland Cotton
On 27 September 2002 Brazil requested consultations with the United States regarding prohibited and actionable subsidies provided to US producers, users and/or exporters of upland cotton, as well as legislation, regulations, statutory instruments and amendments thereto providing such subsidies (including export credits), grants, and any other assistance to the US producers, users and exporters of upland cotton (“US upland cotton industry”). Brazil contended that these measures were inconsistent with the obligations of the United States under the following provisions: Articles 5(c), 6.3(b), (c) and (d), 3.1(a) (including item (j) of the Illustrative List of Export Subsidies in Annex I), 3.1(b), and 3.2 of the SCM Agreement; Articles 3.3, 7.1, 8, 9.1 and 10.1 of the Agreement on Agriculture; and Article III:4 of GATT 1994. Brazil was of the view that the US statutes, regulations, and administrative procedures listed above were inconsistent with these provisions as such and as applied. On 9 October and 11 October 2002, Zimbabwe and India, respectively, requested to join the consultations. On 14 October 2002, Argentina and Canada requested to join the consultations. The United States informed the DSB that it had accepted the requests of Argentina and India to join the consultations.
Brasil - Programa de financiación de las exportaciones para aeronaves
El 14 de abril de 1999, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Brasil - Programa de financiación de las exportaciones para aeronaves”.
Inde - Mesures liées aux exportations
Le 31 octobre 2019, l’OMC a distribué le rapport du Groupe spécial chargé d’examiner l’affaire introduite par les États-Unis “Inde — Mesures liées aux exportations” (DS541).
Canadá - Medidas que afectan a la exportación de aeronaves civiles - Recurso 1
El 21 de julio de 2000, el Órgano de Apelación hizo público el informe sobre el caso “Canadá - Medidas que afectan a la exportación de aeronaves civiles - Recurso”.
Canadá - Medidas que afectan a la exportación de aeronaves civiles - Recurso 1
El 09 de mayo de 2000, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Canadá - Medidas que afectan a la exportación de aeronaves civiles - Recurso”.
Comunidades Europeas - Derechos antidumping sobre los accesorios de tubería de fundición maleable procedentes del Brasil
El 07 de marzo de 2003, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Comunidades Europeas - Derechos antidumping sobre los accesorios de tubería de fundición maleable procedentes del Brasil”.
Unión europea y sus estados miembros - Determinadas medidas relativas a al sector de la energía
El 10 de agosto de 2018, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Unión europea y sus estados miembros - Determinadas medidas relativas a al sector de la energía”.
Brésil - Programme de financement des exportations pour les aéronefs
L’OMC a publié, le 28 août 2000, le rapport d’arbitrage concernant l’affaire “Brésil - Programme de financement des exportations pour les aéronefs”.
Argentine - Droits antidumping définitifs visant la viande de volaille en provenance du Brésil
Le 22 avril 2003, l’OMC a publié le rapport du Groupe spécial dans l’affaire “Argentine - Droits antidumping définitifs visant la viande de volaille en provenance du Brésil”.
India - Export Related Measures
On 31 October 2019 the WTO circulated the panel report in the case brought by the United States in “India — Export Related Measures” (DS541).
États-Unis - Certaines mesures relatives au secteur des énergies renouvelables
Le 27 juin 2019, l’OMC a distribué le rapport du Groupe spécial dans l’affaire “États-Unis - Certaines mesures relatives au secteur des énergies renouvelables”, introduite par l’Inde (DS510).
Brasil - Medidas que afectan a las importaciones de neumáticos recauchutados
El 03 de diciembre de 2007, el Órgano de Apelación hizo público el informe sobre el caso “Brasil - Medidas que afectan a las importaciones de neumáticos recauchutados”.
Canadá - Créditos a la exportación y garantías de préstamos para las aeronaves regionales
El 17 de febrero de 2003 la OMC hizo público el informe arbitral sobre el caso “Canadá - Créditos a la exportación y garantías de préstamos para las aeronaves regionales”.
United States - Countervailing Measures on Supercalendered Paper from Canada
On 5 July 2018 the WTO circulated the panel report in the case brought by Canada in “United States - Countervailing Measures on Supercalendered Paper from Canada.
Canadá - Medidas que afectan a la exportación de aeronaves civiles
El 14 de abril de 1999, la OMC hizo público el informe del Grupo especial sobre el caso “Canadá - Medidas que afectan a la exportación de aeronaves civiles”.
États-Unis - Mesures compensatoires visant le bois d’oeuvre résineux en provenance du Canada
Le 24 août 2020, l’OMC a distribué le rapport du Groupe spécial dans l’affaire introduite par le Canada “États Unis — Mesures compensatoires visant le bois d’œuvre résineux en provenance du Canada” (DS533).
United States - Subsidies on Upland Cotton
On 27 September 2002 Brazil requested consultations with the United States regarding prohibited and actionable subsidies provided to US producers, users and/or exporters of upland cotton, as well as legislation, regulations, statutory instruments and amendments thereto providing such subsidies (including export credits), grants, and any other assistance to the US producers, users and exporters of upland cotton (“US upland cotton industry”). Brazil contended that these measures were inconsistent with the obligations of the United States under the following provisions: Articles 5(c), 6.3(b), (c) and (d), 3.1(a) (including item (j) of the Illustrative List of Export Subsidies in Annex I), 3.1(b), and 3.2 of the SCM Agreement; Articles 3.3, 7.1, 8, 9.1 and 10.1 of the Agreement on Agriculture; and Article III:4 of GATT 1994. Brazil was of the view that the US statutes, regulations, and administrative procedures listed above were inconsistent with these provisions as such and as applied. On 9 October and 11 October 2002, Zimbabwe and India, respectively, requested to join the consultations. On 14 October 2002, Argentina and Canada requested to join the consultations. The United States informed the DSB that it had accepted the requests of Argentina and India to join the consultations.
India - Medidas relacionadas con la exportación
El 31 de octubre de 2019, la OMC distribuyó el informe del Grupo Especial enncargado de examinar el asunto “India — Medidas relacionadas con la exportación” (DS541), planteado por los Estados Unidos.
European Communities - Anti-Dumping Duties on Malleable Cast Iron Tube or Pipe Fittings from Brazil
On 21 December 2000, Brazil requested consultations with the EC as regards definitive anti-dumping duties imposed by Council Regulation (EC) No. 1784/2000 concerning imports of malleable cast iron tube or pipe fittings originating, inter alia, in Brazil. Brazil considered that the EC’s establishment of the facts was not proper and that its evaluation of these facts was not unbiased and objective, both at the provisional and definitive stage, particularly in relation to the initiation and conduct of the investigation (including the evaluation, findings and determination of dumping, injury and causal link between them). Brazil also challenged the evaluation and findings made in relation to the “community interest”. In sum, Brazil considered that the EC had infringed Article VI of GATT 1994 and Articles 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 , 6, 7, 9, 11, 12 and 15 of the Anti-dumping Agreement.

