Développement et renforcement des capacités commerciales
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Robust policies for an uncertain world
This report argues that informality in developing countries deprives about 60 per cent of the workers in these countries of proper income and career opportunities. At the same time high informality rates limit government resources which could be used productively and depress the growth of aggregate demand hampering a country’s successful integration into the world economy. This means that successful formalization strategies would not only improve the working conditions of large segments of the labour market in those countries they would also constitute a signifi cant engine of further growth of both the individual country and the world economy. At the same time the study argues that the integration of a country into the world economy – if properly managed – can help informal workers by improving their living standards and giving them access to decent working conditions. Integration into world markets and tackling informal employment should thus be considered complementary as only formal jobs allow a country to benefi t fully from trade openness.
Facteurs économiques fondamentaux affectant le commerce international
La section précédente a montré que l’avenir du commerce et de la croissance économique dépend de plusieurs facteurs. Les prévisions peuvent changer en fonction de l’évolution de chacun de ces facteurs. Cette section examine comment les facteurs économiques fondamentaux qui déterminent l’avenir du commerce international – à savoir la démographie l’investissement la technologie l’énergie et les autres ressources naturelles les coûts de transport et le cadre institutionnel – sont susceptibles d’évoluer dans les années à venir.
Barriers to trade: The case of Kenya
International trade is the exchange of capital goods and services across international borders or territories. Even though the WTO advocates trade opening many WTO members do not liberalize every sector of the economy and instead maintain certain barriers to trade. Many of these barriers take the form of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) i.e. discriminatory non-tariff measures (NTMs) imposed by governments to favour domestic over foreign suppliers (Nicita and Gourdon 2013). Barriers can also take the form of procedural obstacles i.e. obstacles related to the process of application of an NTM rather than the measure itself.
The increasing importance of developing countries in the global economy
One of the most striking features of the global economy in recent years has been the increasingly large role played by developing economies. This section examines how many countries recorded impressive growth in the last decade while making great strides in reducing poverty. Some have become leading producers and exporters of manufactured goods agricultural products and commercial services in some cases eclipsing the industrialized economies. This is especially true of the large developing economies which have taken on more prominent positions in international fora such as the G-20.
The role of international economic law in addressing climate change
Low- and middle-income countries face supply-side constraints such as technical capacities adequate hard infrastructure capacities human capital (above all knowhow) access to adequate credit and access to environmental goods and services that affect their capacity to address climate change and other environmental issues. This chapter discusses how the existing framework of international economic law may constrain the ability of low- or middle-income countries to overcome such supply-side constraints in order to address their or their trading partners’ environmental concerns regarding climate change and be included in global value chains. We will consider what should be done from a legal perspective what might be achieved and the likely implications of international economic law for acquiring and implementing environmentally friendly technologies and financing climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Le commerce électronique en Afrique : défis et possibilités
Le présent chapitre analyse le potentiel que représentent les activités de commerce électronique en Afrique. La croissance rapide de la pénétration d’Internet et de l’utilisation de la téléphonie mobile ainsi que l’adoption d’innovations mobiles qui ont fortement stimulé l’inclusion financière et encouragé le recours au paiement électronique ont établi une base solide pour le développement du commerce électronique sur le continent. En revanche les taux bancaires encore bas la fragilité des lois et réglementations régissant le secteur et le manque d’harmonisation de ces règles entre les pays limitent le commerce électronique africain. La réduction de la cybercriminalité l’augmentation de la participation au secteur financier et le renforcement du cadre juridique sont des mesures essentielles pour promouvoir les activités de commerce électronique.
The impact of digital technologies on developing countries’ trade
Using the World Trade Organization (WTO) Global Trade Model (GTM) a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model we examine the potential future impact of technological innovations in the form of robotization and use of artificial intelligence (AI) servicification of the production process and falling trade costs due to the rise of online markets and platforms on the trade of developing countries. The simulations show that technological change will boost trade growth as a result of both falling trade costs and the more intensive use of information and communications technology (ICT) services. On average between now and 2030 global trade growth would be 2 percentage points per annum higher as a result of digital technologies. Further developing countries’ trade growth would be 2.5 percentage points per annum higher and the increase in their share of global trade will be more pronounced the faster they are able to catch up technologically. Another finding from the simulations is that services exports will become a bigger part of global trade making up more than a quarter of total trade by 2030 and technological changes tend to increase the share of services imports in manufacturing gross output. Finally these technological developments do not appear to portend a reshoring or localization of production suggesting that future technological change can go in hand in hand with continuing globalization.
Introduction
Globalization is transforming development. This section examines how in its scope and speed the recent rise of the developing world is unprecedented – eclipsing the rise of the newly industrializing countries after the Second World War and dwarfing the earlier rise of Europe and North America in the late 19th century. There are many reasons why the developing world has achieved economic lift-off. One of the most important is its integration into the world economy – and the new access to markets technology and investment that has resulted. This rise of the developing world is one of four recent trends that holds new development opportunities while also bringing new challenges. The same is true for three other trends identified here: the spread of production chains high commodity prices and growing economic interdependence.
Réglementation des données dans les accords commerciaux : différents modèles et options pour l’avenir
«Les données sont le nouveau pétrole». Tout comme le pétrole qui a fait tourner l’économie au cours du siècle dernier les données sont le moteur du monde d’aujourd’hui. Cela est d’autant plus vrai pour le commerce international. Le rôle crucial que jouent les données est perceptible à toutes les étapes du processus de la conception d’un nouveau produit à l’approvisionnement en matières premières et en pièces en passant par le processus de fabrication et le transport des produits au-delà des frontières pour que ceux-ci parviennent aux consommateurs du monde entier.
Nota sobre el Programa de Cátedras OMC
El Programa de Cátedras OMC (PCO) se inició en 2010 como proyecto de creación de capacidad. Su objetivo es ampliar los conocimientos y mejorar la comprensión del sistema de comercio en el mundo académico y entre los encargados de la formulación de políticas de los países en desarrollo mediante actividades de elaboración de programas de estudios investigación y divulgación en universidades e instituciones de investigación. Puede consultase información sobre el PCO en la siguiente dirección: www.wto.org/wcp.
The potential economic impact of Aid for Trade in the MENA region: The case of Jordan
Many developing and least-developed countries (LDCs) remain on the margins of global trade attract limited foreign or domestic investment and have achieved only very limited success in the diversification of their supply of goods and services. Within the framework of Aid for Trade (AFT) attempts are being made to explore strategies to connect firms in developing countries and LDCs to international value chains. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has defined AFT as projects and programmes that have been identified as trade development priorities in the recipient country’s national development strategies. The AFT Task Force established in 2006 underlined that clear and agreed benchmarks are necessary for the global monitoring of AFT efforts. The following categories of AFT were identified: trade policy and regulations (including trade facilitation); trade development; trade-related infrastructure; building productive capacity; trade-related adjustment; and other trade-related needs. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) developing countries that have participated in international trade – including trade with other emerging economies – make rapid progress in poverty reduction and job creation (UNDP 2013).
Executive summary
At the Fourth World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting held in Doha in November 2001 Ministers launched a comprehensive set of multilateral trade negotiations and a work programme. This mandate is sometimes referred to as the Doha Development Agenda reflecting a shared desire to ensure that the trading system is relevant and responsive to the needs of developing countries. Among the areas covered by the negotiations or the work programme are market access in manufactures agriculture and services certain rules (including anti-dumping subsidies and countervailing measures and regional arrangements) trade and environment trade-related intellectual property rights the relationship between trade and investment the interaction between trade and competition policy transparency in government procurement trade facilitation and dispute settlement. Developing countries were particularly instrumental in putting certain issues on the agenda including trade and technology transfer trade debt and finance small economies implementation issues (mostly pending from the Uruguay Round) and special and differential treatment. Views continue to differ on how and in some cases whether to include all the issues mentioned above in the negotiations which are due for completion at the end of 2004.
La tributación del comercio electrónico internacional: particularidades de Rusia
Los tipos impositivos aplicados al comercio electrónico en Rusia deberían seguir siendo moderados dado el bajo volumen de las operaciones de comercio digital en el país (por lo que un aumento de los tipos apenas incrementaría los ingresos fiscales) y las grandes perspectivas de crecimiento del sector (su desarrollo podría generar elevados ingresos fiscales en el futuro). La tributación de las actividades de comercio electrónico en la Federación de Rusia (Rusia) plantea dos desafíos importantes. En primer lugar los bienes de consumo comprados directamente a vendedores en línea extranjeros se benefician de ventajas fiscales considerables en comparación con las importaciones adquiridas en establecimientos minoristas rusos lo que socava la rentabilidad de los importadores rusos y reduce los ingresos fiscales. En segundo lugar el impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA) que grava a los exportadores extranjeros de servicios electrónicos crea incertidumbre ya que la definición jurídica de los servicios electrónicos es poco clara y obstaculiza las operaciones de las compañías multinacionales en Rusia dado que se aplica el IVA a las importaciones intraempresariales de servicios. Las autoridades rusas están estableciendo sistemas automatizados eficaces para la recaudación de impuestos y derechos de aduana sobre el comercio electrónico transfronterizo el cálculo de la compensación del IVA para los exportadores y la contabilización de los ingresos de las tiendas en línea. Estos sistemas contribuirán a evitar abusos del régimen fiscal así como a reducir el costo que supone el cumplimiento para las empresas.