Development and building trade capacity
Varieties of informality
The distinction between formal and informal employment is somewhat fuzzy. Instead of a single universally accepted concept there are many different and often competing views which are refl ected in a multiplicity of defi nitions. These in turn are linked to the plurality of methodologies that are used to quantify informal activities. This chapter presents existing views and defi nitions as well as an integrated approach which is currently emerging based on the idea of multi-segmented labour markets.
LDC Poverty Alleviation and the Doha Development Agenda
Despite being a leading export sector and source of foreign exchange for most (non-oil exporting) LDCs tourism never makes the headlines of the WTO's Doha Development Agenda negotiations. When tourism's impressive potential for poverty alleviation is considered the lack of attention is even more striking. Reasons for the apparent neglect are complex and include a lack of awareness of tourism as an export sector the fragmented nature of the industry and low political influence exaggerated concerns over "leakages" misunderstandings about poverty alleviation and tourism and the "poker playing" characteristic of trade negotiations. The evident results are missed opportunities to address services infrastructure constraints (one of the greatest impediments to increasing LDC tourism revenues and value-added) as well as a failure to address sufficiently tourism's agricultural industrial and Aid for Trade linkages. Existing national-level investment promotion objectives as well as DTIS and TPR reports can be helpful for identifying priorities for both GATS negotiations and Aid for Trade. The focus should not necessarily be on making GATS commitments but rather on ensuring that the importance of tourism for LDCs is acknowledged and acted upon. Indeed governments can always further liberalize on a unilateral basis; in the context of the DDA however they can request greater access to trading partners' markets in exchange as well as gain valuable international attention and publicity.
Developing Countries in the WTO Services Negotiations
The aim of this paper is to analyse developing countries’ participation so far in the current round of services negotiations under the Doha Development Agenda. The paper analyses developing countries’ negotiating positions as evidenced by their multilateral negotiating proposals; their initial offers; and to the extent allowed by the incomplete and sketchy information available their participation in bilateral market access negotiations. A number of basic themes are raised: the essential role of services for economic development; the high costs imposed by trade protection; the benefits of liberalization; the need to make use of the WTO forum to enhance credibility and sustain domestic regulatory reform programmes; the challenges of regulatory reform and the importance of appropriate sequencing; and the benefits arising from seeking further market access overseas in those areas where developing countries have a comparative advantage.
Conclusion
This Report has ranged widely. The Executive Summary attached to the beginning of the Report outlines the main areas covered and observations made. A report of this nature is itself a summary of complex issues and has to rely heavily on the more detailed and analytical work of others. References have been made in the text to this work. Many of the issues addressed here are “moving targets” particularly where governments are constantly exercising policy options that exert an influence on outcomes and where WTO Members are actively engaged in a major trade negotiation.
Foreword
The World Trade Report is a new annual publication produced by the WTO Secretariat. Each year the WTR will explore trends in world trade and highlight important issues in the world trading system. In addition to monitoring and interpreting trade developments the Report seeks to deepen public understanding of pressing policy issues. The WTR does not pretend to provide comprehensive answers to complex and many-sided questions subject to continuing debate among governments and their constituencies. Rather by explaining the origin of issues and offering an analytical framework within which to address them the WTR aims to contribute to more informed discussion and a better appreciation of the options available to address policy challenges.
Acknowledgements
The World Trade Report has been written under the general direction of Patrick Low Director of the Economic Research and Statistics Division. The main authors of the Report are Bijit Bora K. Michael Finger Marion Jansen Alexander Keck Patrick Low Hildegunn Nordas Roberta Piermartini and Robert Teh. Trade statistics and tariff information were provided by the Statistics Group of the Economic Research and Statistics Division co-ordinated by Guy Karsenty Julia de Verteuil Andreas Maurer and Jürgen Richtering.
Recent trends
International trade rebounded in 2002 from its contraction in the preceding year growing at about 2.5 per cent in volume terms which was faster than the growth of global output. The rebound occurred despite the weakness of the global economic recovery greatly reduced capital flows major changes in exchange rates increased restrictions on international trade transactions to mitigate risks from terrorism and rising geopolitical tensions. Trade growth was strong in Asia and the transition economies largely reflecting better economic performance in those regions. However trade was stagnant in Western Europe and contracted in Latin America as a result of economic turmoil in a number of countries in the region. North America’s imports recovered in line with stronger domestic demand while exports continued to decrease in 2002.
Executive summary
At the Fourth World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting held in Doha in November 2001 Ministers launched a comprehensive set of multilateral trade negotiations and a work programme. This mandate is sometimes referred to as the Doha Development Agenda reflecting a shared desire to ensure that the trading system is relevant and responsive to the needs of developing countries. Among the areas covered by the negotiations or the work programme are market access in manufactures agriculture and services certain rules (including anti-dumping subsidies and countervailing measures and regional arrangements) trade and environment trade-related intellectual property rights the relationship between trade and investment the interaction between trade and competition policy transparency in government procurement trade facilitation and dispute settlement. Developing countries were particularly instrumental in putting certain issues on the agenda including trade and technology transfer trade debt and finance small economies implementation issues (mostly pending from the Uruguay Round) and special and differential treatment. Views continue to differ on how and in some cases whether to include all the issues mentioned above in the negotiations which are due for completion at the end of 2004.
Selected issues in trade and trade policy
South-South trade has long been promoted as a means to reduce the dependence of developing countries on markets of developed countries and to enhance diversification of Southern exports beyond primary commodities. Most of the mechanisms that were created to foster co-operation among developing countries were largely subregional and regional arrangements many of them preferential in nature. During the 1950s and 1960s the promotion of South-South trade was in many instances part of a set of policy measures anchored in a strategy of import substitution behind high trade barriers. South-South trade grew in spurts as developing country economies went through stop and go cycles. Despite efforts to promote and diversify South-South trade primary products continued to dominate these flows in most regions and by 1990 South-South trade accounted for only 6.5 per cent of world trade.
The Doha Development Agenda
An underlying objective of the WTO is to promote economic development through effective participation in world trade. Three aspects of the WTO’s structure and rules are relevant to the question of how developing countries can derive greater benefits from participation in the trading system. First the rules themselves together with permitted exceptions and interpretations are the foundation of the system and play a key part in determining the conditions and opportunities of trade. Second there is the question of the coverage of the system. No examples exist of topics that the WTO has taken up and then discarded so this is about the inclusion of new areas. Third the pattern of protection facing a country’s exports also goes a long way in defining trading conditions and opportunities. In short the nature of WTO rules the reach of these rules and conditions of market access are the three major areas that determine the quality and utility of the WTO for its Members. Not surprisingly each of these three elements features prominently in the Doha Development Agenda.
World Trade Report 2003
The World Trade Report is a new annual WTO publication focused on trade trends and policy issues. The 2003 edition examines developments in South-South trade trends in commodity markets and the growth of Regional Trade Agreements.
The role of trade and trade policy in the development process
Different aspects of the development process have been emphasized by the many scholars and observers who have ventured into this field. The seminal work of Sen (1999) identifies freedom as both the primary end and principal means of development. The Brundtland Commission stressed that development must involve the care and nurturing of the environment for future generations. Others have focused particularly on poverty reduction and the empowerment of poor people. All these approaches consider economic growth a vital component of the development process while emphasizing that development is about more than growth.
Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry
On 3 July 1998 Japan requested consultations with Canada in respect of measures being taken by Canada in the automotive industry. Japan contended that under Canadian legislation implementing an automotive products agreement (Auto Pact) between the US and Canada only a limited number of motor vehicle manufacturers are eligible to import vehicles into Canada duty free and to distribute the motor vehicles in Canada at the wholesale and retail distribution levels. Japan further contended that this duty-free treatment is contingent on two requirements: Canadian value-added (CVA) content requirement that applies to both goods and services; and manufacturing and sales requirement. Japan alleges that these measures are inconsistent with Articles I:1 III:4 and XXIV of GATT 1994 Article 2 of the TRIMs Agreement Article 3 of the SCM Agreement and Articles II VI and XVII of GATS.