Recherche économique et analyse des politiques commerciales
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Trade therapy
The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic has exposed the upsides and downsides of international trade in medical goods and services. Open trade can increase access to medical services and goods—and the critical inputs needed to manufacture them—improve quality and variety and reduce costs. However excessive concentration of production restrictive trade policies supply chain disruptions and regulatory divergence can jeopardize the ability of public health systems to respond to pandemics and other health crises. Trade Therapy: Deepening Cooperation to Strengthen Pandemic Defenses coordinated by Nadia Rocha and Michele Ruta at the World Bank and Marc Bacchetta and Joscelyn Magdeleine at the World Trade Organization provides new data on trade in medical goods and services and medical value chains surveys the evolving policy landscape before and during the pandemic and proposes an action plan to improve trade policies and deepen international cooperation to deal with future pandemics. As the COVID-19 pandemic lingers the focus of policy action is on the response which includes actions aimed at removing bottlenecks and providing government support to promote equitable access to vaccines. As the emergency subsides the focus should shift to prevention and preparedness. Steps to close information gaps—building on the Multilateral Leaders Task Force on COVID-19 the ACT-Accelerator and the open markets for example—by negotiating tariff reductions on medical goods and greater market access in services should take priority. Also important are measures to improve the efficiency of markets which include harmonizing regulation through mutual recognition or equivalence of standards and creating international standards for essential medical goods inputs and production processes. Agreement on a crisis rulebook to be deployed during an emergency—including clear and agreed limits on export policy flexibility and shared rules on intellectual property flexibilities—would provide a more solid policy foundation to address future challenges.
The Crisis in Ukraine
This note examines the implications of the crisis in Ukraine for global trade and development. It highlights the importance of the supplies of food energy and certain industrial inputs from Russia and Ukraine and explores how the war is causing severe risks to food and energy security as well as exacerbating supply chain difficulties. Simulations from the WTO Global Trade Model indicate that global GDP and trade growth could be reduced by up to 1.3 and 2.2 percentage points respectively with effects concentrated in Europe and Africa. This note further shows that if the war were to cause a disintegration of the global economy into separate blocs the income losses would be severe especially for emerging and developing economies. This highlights the importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system not least because the WTO provides functions that can help to cushion the impact of the crisis.
Trade in Knowledge
Technological change has transformed the ways knowledge is developed and shared internationally. Accordingly in the quarter-century since the WTO was established and since its Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights came into force both the knowledge dimension of trade and the functioning of the IP system have been radically transformed. The need to understand and respond to this change has placed knowledge at the centre of policy debates about economic and social development. Recognizing the need for modern analytical tools to support policymakers and analysts this publication draws together contributions from a diverse range of scholars and analysts. Together they offer a fresh understanding of what it means to trade in knowledge in today’s technological and commercial environment. The publication offers insights into the prospects for knowledge-based development and ideas for updated systems of governance that promote the creation and sharing of the benefits of knowledge.
Diccionario de Términos de Política Comercial
Este diccionario es una guía accesible al vocabulario empleado en las negociaciones comerciales. En él se explican unos 3.000 términos y conceptos en un lenguaje sencillo. Se dedica especial atención al sistema multilateral de comercio representado por los acuerdos de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). El diccionario abarca además muchas de las actividades resultados y términos relacionados con el comercio utilizados en otras organizaciones internacionales tales como la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI) la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) el Foro de Cooperación Económica de Asia y el Pacífico (APEC) y la La Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). En el pasado decenio se ha prestado considerable atención a la facilitación del comercio y las inversiones la sostenibilidad y la formación de zonas de libre comercio en todas las partes del mundo. El diccionario dedica un amplio espacio al vocabulario relacionado con esa evolución. Ofrece por ejemplo explicaciones claras de los conceptos utilizados en la administración de las normas de origen preferenciales. Más recientemente la facilitación del comercio ha sido objeto de gran atención. Otras de las esferas abarcadas son los nuevos temas comerciales y las cuestiones relacionadas en particular con las preocupaciones de los países en desarrollo. Durante muchos años Walter Goode fue funcionario del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Comercio Internacional de Australia. En el ejercicio de sus funciones adquirió una amplia experiencia en la formulación de la política comercial internacional y la celebración de negociaciones comerciales bilaterales y multilaterales. En particular participó en negociaciones y reuniones en el APEC el GATT la OMC la UNCTAD y la OCDE. Ha ocupado puestos relacionados con el comercio en Ginebra Beijing Shanghái y Tokio. Impartió numerosos cursos de formación sobre política comercial en particular bajo los auspicios del APEC. En la actualidad está jubilado. Entre sus publicaciones figuran: Australian Traded Services Uruguay Round Outcomes: Services y Negotiating Free-Trade Agreements: A Guide.
Dictionnaire des termes de politique commerciale
Le présent ouvrage est un guide accessible du vocabulaire utilisé dans les négociations commerciales. Il explique dans un langage simple près de 3000 termes et concepts en mettant l’accent sur le système commercial multilatéral représenté par les accords signés dans le cadre de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Il couvre également bon nombre d’activités de résultats et de termes relatifs au commerce qui sont propres à d’autres organisations internationales telles que la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED) l’Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle (OMPI) l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) et l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économique (OCDE). Au cours de la dernière décennie une attention marquée a été accordée à la facilitation des échanges et de l’investissement à la durabilité et à la formation de zones de libre-échange dans toutes les parties du monde. Le présent dictionnaire fait une large place au vocabulaire associé à cette situation nouvelle. Il explique clairement par exemple les concepts utilisés dans l’administration des règles d’origine préférentielles. Plus récemment la facilitation des échanges a fait l’objet d’une attention redoublée. D’autres domaines sont couverts notamment les nouvelles questions commerciales et les problèmes posés en particulier par les préoccupations des pays en développement. Walter Goode a été pendant de longues années fonctionnaire au Département des affaires étrangères et du commerce de l’Australie. En cette qualité il a acquis une grande expérience dans la formulation de la politique commerciale internationale et la conduite des négociations commerciales bilatérales et multilatérales. Il a participé en particulier à des négociations et des réunions de l’APEC du GATT de l’OMC de la CNUCED et de l’OCDE. Il a été affecté à des postes en relation avec le commerce à Genève Beijing Shanghai et Tokyo et a organisé de nombreux cours de politique commerciale en particulier sous les auspices de l’APEC. Il est maintenant à la retraite. Il a publié entre autres ouvrages Australian Traded Services Uruguay Round Outcomes: Services et Negotiating FreeTrade Agreements: A Guide.
Global Value Chain Development Report
A radical shift is underway in global value chains as they increasingly move beyond traditional manufacturing processes to services and other intangible assets. Digitization is a leading factor in this transformation which is being accelerated by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The Global Value Chain Development Report 2021 the third of a biennial series explores this shift Beyond Production. This report shows how the rise of services value chains offers a new path to development and how protectionism and geopolitical tensions environmental risks and pandemics are undermining the stability of global value chains and forcing their reorganization geographically.
World Trade Report 2021
The COVID-19 pandemic and the prospect of increasingly frequent and more intense natural and man-made disasters raise important questions about the resilience of the global economy to such shocks. The World Trade Report 2021 explores the basic binary assumption driving much of the current debate about economic resilience namely the inherent trade-off between global trade interdependence and national economic security and suggests that this can be a false dilemma. Due to its interconnected nature international trade can increase an economy’s exposure to risks and contribute to the transmission of shockwaves. At the same time it can bolster economic resilience particularly when backed by domestic policies and effective global cooperation. As a driver of economic growth trade can generate the resources and knowledge needed to prepare for crises. It can also help countries recover by facilitating the provision of goods and services needed to cope with a crisis. Policies aimed at increasing economic resilience by re-shoring production and unwinding trade integration ultimately reduce economic resilience. Conversely trade diversification can contribute to economic resilience by allowing countries to be less dependent on a limited number of importers exporters and sectors. The World Trade Report 2021 shows that a more open inclusive and predictable trade environment is needed to promote diversification and contribute to economic resilience. The WTO already plays a key role in making economies more resilient by promoting lower trade barriers and greater transparency in trade policies. Further international cooperation at the WTO can strengthen the mutual supportiveness of trade openness and economic resilience so that the world is better prepared to deal with future crises.
Competition policy and intellectual property in today's global economy
The fast-evolving relationship between the promotion of welfare-enhancing competition and the balanced protection of intellectual property (IP) rights has attracted the attention of policymakers analysts and scholars. This interest is inevitable in an environment that lays ever greater emphasis on the management of knowledge and innovation and on mechanisms to ensure that the public derives the expected social and economic benefits from this innovation and the spread of knowledge. This book looks at the positive linkage between IP and competition in jurisdictions around the world surveying developments and policy issues from an international and comparative perspective. It includes analysis of key doctrinal and policy issues by leading academics and practitioners from around the globe and a cutting-edge survey of related developments across both developed and developing economies. It also situates current policy developments at the national level in the context of multilateral developments at WIPO WTO and elsewhere.
Accelerating Trade Digitalization to Support MSME Financing
For many micro small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) around the world today access to financing can mean the difference between prosperity and bankruptcy. Working to identify understand and ultimately overcome the challenges that MSMEs face in their quest for acquiring financing will help to ensure that the next great technological idea does not cease to exist before it has a chance to change the world. This publication seeks to identify some of the most pressing of these challenges understand them and explore the potential application of digital technologies to mitigating their impact. To that end the authors conducted interviews and surveys with experts in the field of MSME financing including in some cases trade financing to shed light on these issues and explore the ways in which technology can be used. This publication begins by examining some of the challenges that have been identified as impacting MSME financing as well as the role that the COVID-19 pandemic has had in moulding the landscape. Next it moves on to examining key digital technologies their potential benefit to the industry – in particular to MSME financing – a selection of case studies and of companies utilizing these technologies the adoption challenges they face and recommendations for overcoming these challenges. The technologies in question include cloud computing optical character recognition the Internet of Things big data analytics artificial intelligence quantum computing distributed ledger technology and application programming interfaces.
Las mujeres y el comercio
El comercio puede mejorar drásticamente la vida de las mujeres mediante la creación de nuevos puestos de trabajo el aumento de las posibilidades de elección de los consumidores y el fortalecimiento del poder de negociación de las mujeres en la sociedad. También puede dar lugar a pérdidas de empleo y a una concentración del trabajo en ocupaciones de baja cualificación. Habida cuenta de la complejidad y especificidad de la relación entre comercio y género es esencial evaluar las repercusiones que pueden tener las políticas comerciales tanto en las mujeres como en los hombres y elaborar políticas adecuadas y basadas en datos empíricos para garantizar que el comercio contribuya a crear mejores oportunidades para todos. La investigación sobre la igualdad de género y el comercio se ha visto constreñida por la escasez de datos y por una comprensión deficiente de la relación entre los papeles económicos que desempeñan las mujeres como trabajadoras consumidoras y responsables de la adopción de decisiones. Basado en nuevos análisis y nuevos datos desglosados por sexo el estudio titulado Las mujeres y el comercio: el papel del comercio en la promoción de la igualdad de género tiene por objeto avanzar en el conocimiento de la relación entre comercio e igualdad de género y determinar una serie de oportunidades que puede ofrecer el comercio para mejorar la vida de las mujeres.
Les femmes et le commerce
Le commerce peut améliorer considérablement la vie des femmes en créant de nouveaux emplois en améliorant les choix en matière de consommation et en renforçant le pouvoir de négociation des femmes dans la société. Il peut également donner lieu à des suppressions d’emploi et à une concentration des travailleurs dans des emplois peu qualifiés. Étant donné la complexité et la spécificité de la relation entre le commerce et les questions de genre il est essentiel d’évaluer l’incidence potentielle de la politique commerciale tant sur les femmes que sur les hommes et de concevoir des politiques adaptées et fondées sur des données probantes pour garantir que le commerce contribue à renforcer les possibilités de tout un chacun. Les travaux de recherche sur l’égalité hommes-femmes et le commerce ont été restreints par des données limitées et un manque de compréhension des liens entre les rôles économiques que les femmes jouent dans le travail la consommation et la prise de décisions. Sur la base de nouvelles analyses et de données ventilées par sexe Les femmes et le commerce : Le rôle du commerce dans la promotion de l’égalité hommes-femmes vise à faire mieux comprendre la relation entre le commerce et l’égalité hommes-femmes et à identifier les possibilités que le commerce peut offrir pour améliorer la vie des femmes.
Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2020
À l’ère numérique les états sont de plus en plus nombreux à adopter des politiques visant à stimuler la croissance par l’innovation et la modernisation technologique. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2020 présente ces tendances et examine comment le commerce et l’OMC s’y adaptent. Le soutien à la transition vers une économie numérique a caractérisé les politiques publiques adoptées ces dernières années. Le commerce et les politiques commerciales ont toujours été des moteurs importants pour l’innovation. En particulier le système commercial multilatéral a largement contribué à la diffusion planétaire de l’innovation et des technologies en favorisant la prévisibilité des conditions du marché mondial et en soutenant le développement des chaînes de valeur mondiales. À mesure que les données deviennent un intrant essentiel dans l’économie numérique les entreprises s’appuient davantage sur des actifs incorporels que sur des actifs physiques et les entreprises numériques peuvent accéder plus rapidement aux marchés mondiaux sans devoir consentir aux importants investissements matériels qui étaient auparavant nécessaires dans d’autres secteurs. Dans le contexte de l’économie numérique le succès dépendra de l’ouverture de l’accès aux biens et services liés aux technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) de la collaboration dans les projets de recherche et de la diffusion des connaissances et des nouvelles technologies. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2020 montre que la coopération internationale a un rôle important à jouer pour rendre plus efficace la poursuite du développement numérique et de l’innovation technologique tout en réduisant au minimum les retombées négatives des politiques nationales. Conclus il y a un quart de siècle les Accords de l’OMC se sont révélés remarquablement avancés en mettant en place un cadre favorable au développement des économies reposant sur les TIC quel que soit leur niveau de développement. La poursuite de la coopération internationale à l’OMC et dans d’autres instances permettrait de poursuivre l’innovation et de réduire les tensions commerciales pour contribuer à rendre plus prévisible le fonctionnement des marchés internationaux.
Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2020
En la era digital son cada vez más los gobiernos que han adoptado políticas encaminadas a impulsar el crecimiento por medio de la innovación y la modernización tecnológica. En el Informe sobre el comercio mundial 2020 se examinan esas tendencias y el papel que desempeñan el comercio y la OMC en este contexto. Un rasgo definitorio de las políticas gubernamentales adoptadas en los últimos años ha sido su apoyo a la transición a la economía digital. Tradicionalmente el comercio y las políticas comerciales han sido importantes motores de innovación. En particular el sistema multilateral de comercio ha contribuido considerablemente a la innovación y la difusión de tecnología a nivel mundial al fomentar unas condiciones del mercado mundial previsibles y al sustentar el desarrollo de las cadenas de valor mundiales. Habida cuenta de que los datos se han convertido en un insumo esencial de la economía digital las empresas dependen más de los activos intangibles que de los físicos y las empresas digitales pueden llegar más deprisa a los mercados mundiales sin la cantidad de inversión física que se necesitaba antes en otros sectores. En el contexto de la economía digital el éxito dependerá de la apertura el acceso a los bienes y servicios de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) la colaboración en los proyectos de investigación y la difusión de los conocimientos y las nuevas tecnologías. En el Informe sobre el comercio mundial 2020 se muestra que la cooperación internacional contribuye de manera significativa a fomentar el desarrollo digital y la innovación tecnológica con mayor eficacia minimizando al mismo tiempo los efectos indirectos negativos de las políticas nacionales. Los Acuerdos de la OMC alcanzados hace un cuarto de siglo han demostrado tener una notable visión de futuro al proporcionar un marco que ha favorecido el establecimiento de economías basadas en las TIC en todos los niveles de desarrollo. Una mayor cooperación internacional en la OMC y en otros foros permitiría seguir innovando y reducir las tensiones comerciales para ayudar a los mercados internacionales a funcionar de manera más previsible.
Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms, 6th Edition
The dictionary is an accessible guide to the vocabulary used in trade negotiations. It explains about 3000 terms and concepts in simple language. Its main emphasis is on the multilateral trading system represented by the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition it covers many of the trade-related activities outcomes and terms used in other international organizations such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the OECD. The last decade has seen considerable attention devoted to trade and investment facilitation sustainability and the formation of free-trade areas in all parts of the world. This dictionary allocates generous space to the vocabulary associated with such developments. Additional areas covered include emerging trade issues and issues based particularly on developing-country concerns.
Blockchain and DLT in Trade
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digitalization in all sectors including international trade which remains hindered by inefficient paper-intensive processes. Of particular interest for trade digitalization are projects leveraging distributed ledger technology (DLT) – commonly referred to as Blockchain. The tamper-proof and decentralized nature of DLT makes it useful for breaking the silos that constrain international trade. Many projects that were at an exploratory stage when the first “Blockchain and DLT in Trade” publication was launched in November 2019 have matured and reached the production stage. This publication looks at the current situation. The publication updates the original “periodic table” of DLT projects in trade launched in November 2019 by the International Chamber of Commerce the WTO and Trade Finance Global a trade finance platform at the WTO Global Trade and Blockchain Forum. The periodic table provides a means of differentiating between the countless initiatives projects consortia and companies operating in the broad space that can be described by “DLT in trade”. While no simplified diagram of the landscape can encapsulate the minutiae of each project the table provides a starting point for understanding and analyzing the industry. This publication maps 44 projects related to trade finance insurance know your customer shipping/logistics and supply chain digitalization of trade documents and trade processes as well as other projects such as marketplaces and assesses their level of maturity. A new section on standardization initiatives provides an overview of projects that work towards creating digital standards relevant for trade to drive digital interoperability. The report also showcases the results of a supplementary survey analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the projects featured.
Women and Trade
Trade can dramatically improve women’s lives creating new jobs enhancing consumer choices and increasing women’s bargaining power in society. It can also lead to job losses and a concentration of work in low-skilled employment. Given the complexity and specificity of the relationship between trade and gender it is essential to assess the potential impact of trade policy on both women and men and to develop appropriate evidence-based policies to ensure that trade helps to enhance opportunities for all. Research on gender equality and trade has been constrained by limited data and a lack of understanding of the connections among the economic roles that women play as workers consumers and decision makers. Building on new analyses and new sex-disaggregated data Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality aims to advance the understanding of the relationship between trade and gender equality and to identify a series of opportunities through which trade can improve the lives of women.
World Trade Report 2020
In the digital age a growing number of governments have adopted policies aimed at boosting growth through innovation and technological upgrading. The World Trade Report 2020 looks at these trends and at how trade and the WTO fit with them. A defining feature of government policies adopted in recent years has been their support of the transition towards a digital economy. Trade and trade policies have historically been important engines for innovation. In particular the multilateral trading system has contributed significantly to the global diffusion of innovation and technology by fostering predictable global market conditions and by underpinning the development of global value chains. As data become an essential input in the digital economy firms rely more on intangible assets than on physical ones and digital firms are able to reach global markets faster without the amount of physical investment previously necessary in other sectors. Success in the digital economy will depend on openness access to information and communication technology (ICT) goods and services collaboration on research projects and the diffusion of knowledge and new technology. The World Trade Report 2020 shows that there is a significant role for international cooperation to make the pursuit of digital development and technological innovation more effective while minimizing negative spill-overs from national policies. The WTO agreements reached a quarter of a century ago have proved to be remarkably forwardlooking in providing a framework that has favoured the development of ICT-enabled economies across all levels of development. Further international cooperation at the WTO and elsewhere would enable continued innovation and reduce trade tensions to help international markets function more predictably.
Making Globalization More Inclusive
Policies aimed at helping workers adjust to the impact of trade or technological changes can provide a helping hand to the workforce and increase the benefits of open trade and new technologies. This publication contributes to the discussion on how governments can help make international trade more inclusive and ensure that the benefits of open trade are spread more widely.
Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2019
Los servicios se han convertido en el componente más dinámico del comercio mundial y desempeñan un papel cada vez más importante en la economía mundial y en la vida cotidiana. Sin embargo no siempre se valora plenamente su grado de contribución al comercio mundial. El Informe sobre el comercio mundial 2019 trata de colmar esta laguna utilizando un nuevo conjunto de datos elaborado por la OMC que tiene en cuenta las distintas formas de suministrar servicios a través de las fronteras. En el Informe se examina la evolución del comercio de servicios en los últimos años y el porqué de su importancia. Asimismo se analizan las principales tendencias que afectan al comercio de servicios en particular los cambios demográficos las tecnologías digitales el aumento de la renta y el cambio climático. También se ofrecen estimaciones sobre la posible evolución del comercio de servicios en los próximos 20 años y las perspectivas de una mayor cooperación internacional en las políticas relativas al comercio de servicios. El Informe muestra que los costos del comercio son más elevados para los servicios que para las mercancías si bien están disminuyendo como consecuencia de las tecnologías digitales. Se espera que esa reducción de los costos del comercio aumente la participación de los servicios en el comercio mundial y contribuya a un crecimiento y un desarrollo más inclusivos. Para que las economías puedan beneficiarse del mayor protagonismo que está adquiriendo el comercio de servicios será necesario intensificar la cooperación internacional.
Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2019
Les services sont devenus la composante la plus dynamique du commerce mondial et jouent un rôle de plus en plus important dans l’économie mondiale et dans la vie quotidienne. Pourtant l’importance de la contribution des services au commerce mondial n’est pas toujours bien comprise. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2019 tente d’y remédier en utilisant un nouvel ensemble de données élaboré par l’OMC qui prend en compte les différentes façons dont les services sont fournis à travers les frontières. Le Rapport examine la manière dont le commerce des services a évolué ces dernières années et se penche sur la question de savoir pourquoi le commerce des services compte. Les grandes tendances qui influent sur le commerce des services y compris l’évolution démographique les technologies numériques la hausse des revenus et le changement climatique sont examinées. Le Rapport donne aussi des estimations concernant l’évolution possible du commerce des services au cours des 20 prochaines années et les perspectives en matière de renforcement de la coopération internationale dans le domaine des politiques relatives au commerce des services. Le Rapport constate que les coûts du commerce des services sont plus élevés que ceux du commerce des marchandises mais qu’ils diminuent en grande partie sous l’effet des technologies numériques. Il montre en quoi la baisse des coûts du commerce devrait accroître la part des services dans le commerce mondial et en quoi cela pourrait contribuer à une croissance et un développement plus inclusifs. Pour que les économies puissent tirer parti du rôle croissant joué par le commerce des services la coopération internationale devra s’intensifier.
World Trade Report 2019
Services have become the most dynamic component of global trade with an increasingly important role in the global economy and in everyday life. Yet the extent of services’ contribution to global trade is not always fully understood. The World Trade Report 2019 attempts to remedy this by examining how trade in services is evolving and why services trade matters.
Trade Adjustment in Asia
Asia’s economic success over the past four decades has been built on a strategy of export promotion coupled with trade opening. Poverty rates throughout the region have fallen dramatically especially in countries that have succeeded in integrating into regional or global value chains. However this economic success has been accompanied by structural changes such as the need for workers to change roles sectors and sometimes regions. Faced with increased foreign competition firms have been forced to reorganize and quickly adopt new technologies. Despite the importance of this adjustment process relatively little empirical evidence exists. This volume aims to close this gap by providing new insights into how Asia’s labor markets and firms have adjusted to trade opening. Written by leading trade economists with expertise in the region the publication shows that trade opening has led to a more efficient allocation of capital and labor but this has been accompanied by significant adjustment costs. The book sheds light on the effects of trade on workers and firms with the aim of improving understanding of the adjustment process and contributing to the debate on how to make globalization work for all.
¿Pueden las cadenas de bloques revolucionar el comercio internacional?
El progreso tecnológico siempre ha condicionado el comercio. En los últimos años muchos observadores han saludado la aparición de una nueva tecnología las cadenas de bloques como el nuevo factor que transformará de manera radical el panorama comercial. ¿Pueden las cadenas de bloques revolucionar el comercio internacional? El objetivo de la presente publicación es desmitificar el fenómeno de las cadenas de bloques aportando una explicación básica de esta tecnología. En el documento se analiza la importancia que tiene esta tecnología para el comercio internacional indicando cómo se utiliza en la actualidad y cómo podría llegar a utilizarse en diversas esferas abarcadas por las normas de la OMC. Del análisis se desprende en qué medida podría la adopción de esta tecnología afectar al comercio transfronterizo de mercancías y servicios y a los derechos de propiedad intelectual. El documento examina las posibilidades que ofrecen las cadenas de bloques para reducir los costes del comercio y mejorar la transparencia en las cadenas de suministro así como las oportunidades que brinda a los pequeños productores y las pequeñas empresas. Por último el documento repasa los distintos retos que es necesario superar para que la tecnología pueda utilizarse a gran escala e incidir de manera significativa en el comercio internacional.
La chaîne de blocs peut-elle révolutionner le commerce international ?
Le commerce a toujours été façonné par l’innovation technologique. Ces derniers temps une nouvelle technologie la chaîne de blocs a été accueillie par beaucoup comme le prochain grand facteur de changement. La chaîne de blocs peut-elle révolutionner le commerce international ? Cette publication tente de démythifier le phénomène de la chaîne de blocs en fournissant une explication de base de cette technologie. Elle analyse sa pertinence pour le commerce international en examinant comment elle est actuellement utilisée ou peut être utilisée dans les différents domaines couverts par l’OMC. Ce faisant elle donne une idée de la mesure dans laquelle cette technologie pourrait affecter le commerce transfrontières des biens et des services et les droits de propriété intellectuelle. Elle examine le potentiel de la chaîne de blocs de réduire les coûts du commerce et d’améliorer la transparence de la chaîne d’approvisionnement et les possibilités qu’elle offre aux petits producteurs et aux petites entreprises. Enfin elle passe en revue les divers défis qui doivent être relevés pour que cette technologie puisse être utilisée à grande échelle et ait un impact important sur le commerce international.
GATT Disputes: 1948-1995 - Overview and One-Page Case Summaries (Vol. 1)
GATT disputes: 1948-1995 (Volume 1) provides verified and factual information on disputes brought by contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) from 1948 to 1995 when the GATT was superseded by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The publication provides a comprehensive overview of dispute settlement activities under the GATT 1947 and a one-page case summary for each of the 316 GATT disputes brought by contracting parties during this period. Volume 2 of this publication covers GATT dispute settlement procedures. The two volumes offer insights into the evolution of dispute settlement under the GATT 1947 which served as the foundation for the Dispute Settlement Understanding created by the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO.
GATT Disputes: 1948-1995 - Dispute Settlement Procedures (Vol. 2)
GATT disputes: 1948-1995 (Volume 2) compiles documents regarding dispute settlement procedures under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and other selected documents. It complements Volume 1 which provides a comprehensive overview of dispute settlement activities under the GATT 1947 and a one-page case summary for each of the 316 disputes brought by GATT contracting parties from 1948 to 1995 when the GATT was superseded by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The two volumes offer insights into the evolution of dispute settlement under the GATT 1947 which served as the foundation for the Dispute Settlement Understanding created by the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO.
Trade and Poverty Reduction
Global trade has contributed strongly to reducing poverty but important challenges remain in making trade work for the poorest. This publication presents eight case studies to reveal how trade can help to reduce poverty in developing countries. It focuses on four constraints faced by the extremely poor – namely that they tend to live in rural areas work in the informal sector live in fragile and conflict-affected regions and face gender inequality. The case studies identify ways to overcome these constraints including through the adoption of policies that maximize the contribution of trade to poverty reduction. The studies also highlight the ongoing gaps in data and research that constrain policy-making. The publication is a follow-up to The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty co-published by the WTO and the World Bank in 2015 which examined the challenges the poor face in benefiting from trade opportunities. The country-specific approach of this new publication complements the global perspective of the previous report.
Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2018
En el Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2016 se examina la participación de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) en el comercio internacional así como la forma en que la situación comercial internacional está cambiando para las pymes y lo que el sistema multilateral de comercio hace y puede hacer para promover una participación más amplia e inclusiva de las pymes en los mercados mundiales.
Rapport sur le Commerce Mondial 2018
Le monde change à une incroyable vitesse et ce sous l’influence de nombreux facteurs y compris l’évolution des modes de production et de consommation l’innovation technologique permanente les nouvelles façons de faire du commerce et bien sûr la politique. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2013 montre en quoi le commerce est à la fois une cause et un effet du changement et examine les facteurs qui façonnent l’avenir du commerce mondial.
Can blockchain revolutionize international trade?
Trade has always been shaped by technological innovation. In recent times a new technology Blockchain has been greeted by many as the next big game-changer. Can Blockchain revolutionize international trade? This publication seeks to demystify the Blockchain phenomenon by providing a basic explanation of the technology. It analyses the relevance of this technology for international trade by reviewing how it is currently used or can be used in the various areas covered by WTO rules. In doing so it provides an insight into the extent to which this technology could affect cross-border trade in goods and services and intellectual property rights. It discusses the potential of Blockchain for reducing trade costs and enhancing supply chain transparency as well as the opportunities it provides for small-scale producers and companies. Finally it reviews various challenges that must be addressed before the technology can be used on a wide scale and have a significant impact on international trade.
World Trade Report 2018
Trade has always been shaped by technology but the rapid development of digital technologies in recent times has the potential to transform international trade profoundly in the years to come. The World Trade Report 2018 examines how digital technologies – and in particular the Internet of Things artificial intelligence 3D printing and Blockchain – affect trade costs the nature of what is traded and the composition of trade. It estimates how global trade may be affected by these technologies over the next 15 years.
Trade and Food Standards
Co-published by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
World Trade Report 2017
The 2017 World Trade Report examines how technology and trade affect employment and wages. It analyses the challenges for workers and firms in adjusting to changes in labour markets and how governments can facilitate such adjustment to ensure that trade and technology are inclusive.
Rapport sur le Commerce Mondial 2017
Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2017 examine comment la technologie et le commerce influent sur l'emploi et les salaires. Il analyse les difficultés que rencontrent les travailleurs et les entreprises pour s'adapter à l'évolution du marché du travail et la façon dont les gouvernements peuvent faciliter cet ajustement pour faire en sorte que le commerce et la technologie soient inclusifs.
Informe Sobre el Comercio Mundial 2017
En el Informe sobre el comercio mundial 2017 se examina cómo afectan la tecnología y el comercio al empleo y los salarios. Se analizan las dificultades a que se enfrentan los trabajadores y las empresas para ajustarse a los cambios en los mercados de trabajo y la manera en que los Gobiernos pueden facilitar ese ajuste para que el comercio y la tecnología sean inclusivos.
Global Value Chain Development Report 2019
This report takes stock of the evolution of global value chains (GVCs) in light of technological developments such as robotics big data and the Internet of Things. It discusses how these technologies are reshaping GVCs and examines the effect of these changes on labor markets in developed and developing economies and on supply chain management. The report discusses how technological developments are creating new opportunities for the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises in global value chains and reviews issues related to GVC measurement. The report is a follow-up to the first Global Value Chain Development Report which revealed the changing nature of international trade when analyzed in terms of value chains and value-added trade.
Investing in Skills for Inclusive Trade
“Investing in Skills for Inclusive Trade” co-published by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Labour Office (ILO) focuses on the linkages between trade and skills and between trade and skills development policies. The publication argues that in the fast-changing context of globalization where technology and trade relations evolve rapidly the responsiveness of skills supply to demand is particularly important. Given the role of skills in productivity and in trade performance as well as in access to employment and in wage distribution a strong emphasis on skills development is vital for both firms and workers. Drawing on the findings from relevant literature and from the ILO's Skills for Trade and Economic Diversification (STED) programme this publication shows that appropriate skills development policies are key to helping firms participate in trade and also to helping workers find good jobs.
Trade Multilateralism in the 21st Century
Trade multilateralism in the twenty-first-century century faces a serious test as weakness in the global economy and fast-paced technological changes create a challenging environment for world trade. This book examines how an updated and robust rules-based multilateral framework anchored in the WTO remains indispensable to maximizing the benefits of global economic integration and to reviving world trade. By examining recent accessions to the WTO it reveals how the growing membership of the WTO has helped to support domestic reforms and to strengthen the rules-based framework of the WTO. It argues that the new realities of the twenty-first century require an upgrade to the architecture of the multilateral trading system. By erecting its 'upper floors' on the foundation of existing trade rules the WTO can continue to adapt to a fast-changing environment and to maximize the benefits brought about by its ever-expanding membership.
An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis: The Structural Gravity Model
An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis is a follow up to A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis. The Advanced Guide provides the most recent tools for analysis of trade policy using structural gravity models. Written by experts who have contributed to the development of theoretical and empirical methods in the academic gravity literature and who have rich practical experience in the field this publication explains how to conduct partial equilibrium estimations as well as general equilibrium analysis with structural gravity models and contains practical guidance on how to apply these tools to concrete policy questions.
Trade Finance and SMEs
Trade finance plays a key role in helping developing countries participate in global trade. Easing the supply of credit in regions where trade potential is the greatest could have a big impact in helping small businesses grow and in supporting the development of the poorest countries. This publication takes a detailed look at trade finance and emphasises the importance of multilateral agencies working together.
The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty
The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty looks at the complex relationships between economic growth poverty reduction and trade and examines the challenges that poor people face in benefiting from trade opportunities. Written jointly by the World Bank Group and the WTO the publication examines how trade could make a greater contribution to ending poverty by increasing efforts to lower trade costs improve the enabling environment implement trade policy in conjunction with other areas of policy better manage risks faced by the poor and improve data used for policy-making.
WTO Accessions and Trade Multilateralism
Trois questions importantes seront déterminantes pour l'avenir de l'OMC: le règlement des différends les négociations et l'intégration régionale. Le règlement des différends est généralement considéré comme l'un des succès majeurs de l'OMC durant ses dix premières années d'existence. La conclusion des négociations du Cycle de Doha est l'un de ses principaux défis. L'intégration régionale est désormais au premier plan du débat alors que les accords régionaux prolifèrent et que les décideurs et les universitaires prennent la mesure de leur incidence sur le système commercial multilatéral. Ces questions et leur interaction sont traitées par d'éminents spécialistes et professionnels du droit commercial international originaires d'Amérique du Nord d'Europe et de la région Asie Pacifique. En outre des sections spécifiques sont consacrées à la région Asie Pacifique à sa participation au règlement des différends et aux négociations dans le cadre de l'OMC et aux tendances récentes à une plus grande intégration régionale.AE1:AE10
Connecting to Global Markets
This book brings together contributions from the 14 WTO chair-holders of the first phase of the WTO Chairs Programme (2010-2014). The volume is divided into four sections focusing on export diversification the role of non-tariff measures the rule of law in connecting to global markets and the role of the Aid for Trade initiative in building trade capacity and overcoming supply side constraints.
Supply Chain Perspectives and Issues
Global value chains (GVCs) have become ubiquitous. The literature that attempts to understand and explain GVCs is vast multidisciplinary and no less complex than the phenomenon itself. This volume is an ambitious attempt at a fairly comprehensive review of literature on the subject.
Global Value Chains in a Changing World
A collection of papers by some of the world’s leading specialists on global value chains (GVCs). It examines how GVCs have evolved and the challenges they face in a rapidly changing world. The approach is multidisciplinary with contributions from economists political scientists supply chain management specialists practitioners and policymakers.
15 Years of the Information Technology Agreement
The Information and Technology Agreement (ITA) was finalized at the first WTO Ministerial Conference in Singapore in 1996 committing its participants to completely eliminate duties on certain information technology products. In its 15 years the ITA has promoted affordable access to a wide range of technologies encouraging closer cooperation between developed and developing countries. As production networks become increasingly global the ITA will continue to facilitate the shift from products made in a specific country to “made in the world”. To mark the 15th anniversary of the ITA this publication charts the political and technical obstacles which were overcome during the creation of the Agreement and the issues which still need to be resolved. It details the establishment of the ITA Committee and how the Agreement is implemented and investigates the impact the ITA has had on trade liberalization and innovation. The publication also examines the effect information technology has had on global production networks and what this means for developing countries and the ITA.
A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis
This Guide to Trade Policy Analysis provides the main tools for the analysis of trade policy. Written by experts with practical experience in the field this publication outlines the major concepts of trade policy analysis and contains practical guidance on how to apply them to concrete policy questions.
Trade Patterns and Global Value Chains in East Asia
The increasing internationalization of supply chains is challenging our interpretation of conventional trade statistics as traditional concepts like country of origin or the distinction between goods and services become blurred. This publication jointly produced by the WTO and the Institute of Developing Economies — Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO) focuses on the factors that have helped to shape global production.
Making Globalization Socially Sustainable
Globalization is widely seen as a powerful engine that has the potential to promote growth and development but concerns have been raised about the effects of globalization on jobs and wages. This book co-published by the International Labour Office and the World Trade Organization discusses ways of making globalization socially sustainable.
Rapport sur le Commerce Mondial 2010
Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2010 traite du commerce des ressources naturelles comme les combustibles les forêts les produits miniers et les ressources halieutiques. Il examine les caractéristiques du commerce des ressources naturelles les choix qui s'offrent aux gouvernements et comment la coopération internationale notamment dans le cadre de l'OMC peut contribuer à la bonne gestion des échanges dans ce secteur.