Services
Introduction
Services have become the most dynamic sector of world trade – but in ways that are not always recognized or understood. Just as services have come to dominate many national economies, they are playing a bigger role in the global economy as well. Many factors are driving this – including consumption, liberalization and investment – but the game-changer is technology. Services that were once difficult to trade, because they could only be delivered in person, are becoming far easier to trade, because they can be delivered digitally. The 2019 World Trade Report explores this globalization of services – why it is happening, how it is impacting economies, and where new policy approaches are needed.
Conclusions
Over the last few decades, services have become the backbone of the global economy and the most dynamic component of international trade. Services are increasingly easier to trade thanks in large part to digitalization. From online education to virtual law firms, technology is penetrating all services sectors, transforming services traditionally delivered face-to-face into remotely tradable services. Trade, long dominated by the exchange of goods, increasingly involves services, transforming the global economy in the process.
El comercio de servicios en el futuro
Esta sección pretende ofrecer algunas orientaciones sobre cómo evolucionará la estructura del comercio. Para comenzar, se presentan mediante un enfoque novedoso las tendencias recientes de los costos del comercio relacionados con los servicios y se señalan los factores que afectan a esos costos. A continuación, se examinan las principales tendencias futuras en cuanto a tecnología, demografía, ingresos y cambio climático para explicar de qué modo pueden influir estas en las decisiones de los países sobre con qué servicios e interlocutores comerciar, así como sobre su forma de comerciar. Por último, se cuantifica la posible repercusión de estas tendencias en el comercio de servicios empleando el Modelo de Comercio Mundial de la OMC.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements are due to the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the International Road Federation, the International Telecommunications Union, the International Trade Centre, the International Union of Railways, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, Swiss Re, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Statistics Division, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the World Bank, Netcraft (through the World Bank), and Standard’s and Poor (through the World Bank). The assistance of all these organizations in supplying statistics as well as other information has greatly facilitated the work of the WTO Secretariat.
Dynamique du processus d’internationalisation des PME
Cette section examine en détail la dynamique du processus d’internationalisation des PME, en particulier le rôle de la taille des entreprises dans le lancement et la poursuite de ce processus et l’impact de l’internationalisation sur la performance des entreprises. Comme on l’a vu dans la section B, l’internationalisation est souvent définie comme l’extension des activités économiques de l’entreprise à l’étranger par l’exportation indirecte, l’exportation directe, la sous-traitance internationale (octroi de licences, externalisation) ou l’investissement.