Services
Avant-propos du Directeur général de l’OMC
Les services sont souvent largement négligés dans les discussions sur le commerce mondial ; pourtant, ils représentent la majeure partie des échanges dans de nombreuses économies développées et progressent rapidement dans bon nombre de pays en développement également. Cela s’explique peutêtre par le fait que les services sont moins tangibles et que les questions sur le commerce des services sont souvent plus complexes. Le présent rapport vise donc à démystifier le commerce des services. Son objectif est d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur cette composante essentielle du commerce mondial, de dresser un état détaillé de la situation actuelle en la matière et d’examiner comment le commerce des services pourrait évoluer dans les années à venir, sous l’effet en particulier des nouvelles technologies qui rendent certains services plus facilement échangeables.
Agradecimientos y Descargo de responsabilidad
El Informe sobre el comercio mundial 2019 ha sido elaborado bajo la responsabilidad general de Xiaozhun Yi, Director General Adjunto de la OMC, y Robert Koopman, Director de la División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística. El informe de este año ha sido coordinado por Emmanuelle Ganne y Stela Rubínová (División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística) y por Antonia Carzaniga (División de Comercio de Servicios e Inversión). Los principales autores del Informe son Barbara d’Andrea, Andreas Maurer, Roberta Piermartini y Robert Teh (División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística), y Antonia Carzaniga. Otros autores son Marc Auboin, Eddy Bekkers, John Hancock, Kathryn Lundquist, José-Antonio Monteiro, Coleman Nee, Victor Stolzenburg, Ankai Xu y Qing Ye (División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística); Pamela Apaza, Markus Jelitto, Joscelyn Magdeleine, Juan Marchetti, Martin Roy y Lee Tuthill (División de Comercio de Servicios e Inversión); y Rainer Lanz (División de Desarrollo).
Why services trade matters
This section examines the role of trade in services in helping countries to achieve rapid and inclusive growth. Section C.1 discusses and attempts to quantify how services trade benefits the economy and promotes growth. Section C.2 discusses the role trade in services plays in enhancing domestic firms’ competitiveness, not only in the services sector, but also in manufacturing. Section C.3 considers how services trade promotes inclusiveness in a number of areas, such as skills, gender and location of economic activity. Section C.4 concludes.
Introduction
Services Profiles provides users with statistics on key infrastructure services (transportation, telecommunications and finance and insurance) for some 140 economies. Coverage will be gradually expanded for future editions. The information is derived from national accounts, employment statistics, balance of payments statistics, foreign affiliates statistics, foreign direct investment statistics and quantitative indicators largely sourced from international/regional organizations and specialized bodies. These statistics are presented in a standardized format for quick reference.
Obstáculos comerciales a la participación de las pymes en el comercio
En la sección D se examinan los principales obstáculos comerciales a la participación de las pymes en el comercio. Una de las conclusiones más destacadas de esta sección es que todos los costos comerciales, ya sean fijos o variables, repercuten negativamente en la capacidad de las pymes para participar en el comercio más de lo que lo hacen en el caso de las grandes empresas. Debido a que las pymes son más sensibles a los obstáculos comerciales que las grandes empresas, la eliminación de esos obstáculos es más beneficiosa para las primeras. En consecuencia, es importante entender cuáles son los principales obstáculos.
PTAs in services: Friends or foes of the multilateral trading system?
Preferential trade agreements are proliferating around the globe. By the end of July 2007 380 PTAs had been notified to the WTO. Only 142 of these agreements were concluded between 1948 and 1994 – the period from the establishment of the GATT to the end of the Uruguay Round. The remaining agreements entered into force thereafter. To put it provocatively, it could be said that, just after WTO members pledged their commitment to a non-discriminatory trading system by concluding the most far-reaching of all multilateral trading rounds, they went off to sign a plethora of discriminatory trading pacts.
Agradecimientos y Descargo de responsabilidad
El Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2016 ha sido elaborado bajo la responsabilidad general de Xiaozhun Yi, Director General Adjunto de la OMC, y Robert Koopman, Director de la División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística. El informe de este año ha sido coordinado por Marc Bacchetta y Cosimo Beverelli. Los autores del informe son Marc Auboin, Marc Bacchetta, Cosimo Beverelli, Barbara D’Andrea, Christophe Degain, Alexander Keck, Andreas Maurer, José- Antonio Monteiro, Coleman Nee, Roberta Piermartini y Robert Teh (División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística); Antonia Carzaniga, Joscelyn Magdeleine, Juan Marchetti, Lee Tuthill y Ruosi Zhang (División de Comercio de Servicios e Inversión).
What role for international cooperation on services trade policy?
Trade in services continues to evolve. Technology and regulatory reforms are driving a fundamental transformation, creating new demand while simultaneously helping to reduce trade costs and opening further opportunities to trade services. Under the impetus of global value chains, demographic trends, rising per capita incomes in emerging markets and environmental concerns, demand for foreign-supplied services is on the rise. The evolving avenues, actors and composition of services trade increase its potential to contribute to inclusive economic growth and development, but also present a number of challenges that need to be addressed to fulfil this potential.
Technical notes
WTO members are frequently referred to as “countries”, although some members are not countries in the usual sense of the word but are officially “customs territories”. The definition of geographical and other groupings in this report does not imply an expression of opinion by the WTO Secretariat concerning the status of any country or territory, the delimitation of its frontiers, nor the rights and obligations of any WTO member in respect of WTO agreements. The colours, boundaries, denominations and classifications in the maps of the publication do not imply, on the part of the WTO, any judgement on the legal or other status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of any boundary.
Operating integrated logistics services in a fragmented regulatory environment: What is the cost?
Estimated at US$36 billion and employing over four million people, the Indian health care sector is one of the largest service sectors in the economy today. With a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15 per cent, the Indian health care sector is expected to reach US$280 billion by 2020. A 2003 report titled India’s New Opportunity: 2020, prepared jointly by the All India Management Association, Boston Consulting Group and the Confederation of Indian Industries, predicts that over 40 million new jobs and US$200 billion increased revenues are expected to be generated by the Indian services sector by 2020, and the health care sector will play an important role in generating these jobs and revenues (AIMA/BCG 2003). Hence, this sector is predicted to grow rapidly and is seen to have considerable potential due to the growing demand for health care services in India. The reasons are many, including rising incomes, a growing propensity to spend on health care, an emergence of lifestyle-related diseases, and demographics.
Domestic regulation of retail food distribution services in Israel: The missing link between food prices and social protest
This chapter provides a case study tracing the impact of domestic regulation on market structure in the retail distribution services sector and its ultimate effects on consumer food prices. Taking Israel, a small and relatively liberalized Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economy, as an example, our research investigates whether market concentration and the absence of international competition can be attributed to domestic regulation. We place this discussion in the context of recent consumer-led social protest against the rising cost of food in Israel.