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Government Procurement Agreement
Further progress was achieved in 2012 on pending accessions to the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), including those of China and New Zealand. In addition, the Committee on Government Procurement, which administers the GPA, monitored the entry into force of the revised Agreement adopted by the parties in 2012. Four more countries were granted observer status. Demand for technical training on the GPA continues to grow, reflecting increased interest in accession.
Conseil Général
En 2012, le Conseil général est convenu que la neuvième Conférence ministérielle se tiendrait à Bali (Indonésie). Il a supervisé les progrès accomplis dans les négociations du Cycle de Doha sur la base des rapports établis par le Directeur général en sa qualité de Président du Comité des négociations commerciales. Il a entendu le rapport annuel du Directeur général sur les accessions et son rapport sur les aspects de la question du coton relatifs à l’aide au développement. En juillet, il a adopté des recommandations sur l’accession des pays les moins avancés (PMA), conformément aux instructions données par la huitième Conférence ministérielle. Il a également examiné les progrès accomplis dans le cadre du Programme de travail sur le commerce électronique.
Addressing 21st-century issues
In the twentieth century, the world economy was dominated by the United States and to lesser extent by Japan and a few states in Western Europe.
Arbitration as an alternative to litigation in the WTO: Observations in the light of the 2005 Banana Tariff Arbitrations
The 2005 Banana Tariff Arbitrations3 were arguably the most important arbitrations to have been conducted under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO). These arbitrations examined issues of economic and political significance for the multiple complainants and third parties involved. They raised questions of substantive complexity entailing a workload comparable to litigation in WTO panel and Appellate Body proceedings. The Banana Tariff Arbitrations were however unique compared to previous cases litigated in the WTO. They were held outside the scope of normal WTO dispute settlement procedures set out in the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) and, as such, were the first sui generis arbitrations held under the auspices of the WTO. Furthermore, they involved procedures and time-frames that differed significantly from cases previously litigated in the WTO and were completed extremely expeditiously in comparison. Arguably, as an alternative to litigation in the WTO, the Banana Tariff Arbitrations were a resounding success.
Aid for Trade as a catalyst for trade facilitation: A Moroccan perspective
This chapter aims to highlight the potential role of Aid for Trade (AfT) in trade facilitation, reducing the cost of trade and improving the trade performance of Morocco. The chapter finds that AfT is a fundamental lever for facilitating commercial exchanges and a main vehicle for promoting regional integration and effective integration of developing countries into global value chains. AfT helps developing countries to increase exports of goods and services, integrate into the multilateral trading system and take advantage of the progressive liberalization and expansion of market access. If it is rationally oriented, AfT will enhance the competitiveness of exports and enable Moroccan companies to go upmarket; in addition, AfT would consolidate the reforms of trade policy in Morocco to streamline international transactions and increase the attractiveness of the Moroccan economy to investors.
Contacts avec le monde des entreprises
Le nombre de représentants d’entreprises ayant participé au Forum public annuel de l’OMC a nettement augmenté en 2015, ce qui témoignait du vif intérêt des grands groupes et des entreprises pour le débat sur les activités de l’OMC. Le monde des entreprises a aussi été bien représenté à la dixième Conférence ministérielle, à Nairobi. Trente-trois des organisations non gouvernementales accréditées pour cet événement représentaient les milieux d’affaires.
Cadre intégré renforcé
En janvier 2016, le Cadre intégré renforcé (CIR) a lancé la phase deux de son programme, qui vise à aider les pays les moins avancés (PMA) à utiliser le commerce comme outil de croissance. Cette phase deux va jusqu’à 2022. Le CIR a réalisé des projets dans plusieurs PMA pour développer leur capacité de faire du commerce.
Secrétariat de l'OMC
Le Secrétariat de l'OMC, dont les bureaux se trouvent à Genève, emploie 646 fonctionnaires émargeant au budget ordinaire. Il est dirigé par le Directeur général, M. Pascal Lamy. Le Secrétariat n'a aucun pouvoir de décision car à l'OMC, toutes les décisions sont prises par les Membres.
Les accords de l’OMC
La présente publication contient le texte de l'accord fondateur de l'OMC, l'Accord de Marrakech de 1994 instituant l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), ainsi que ses Annexes, y compris tous les amendements et ajouts depuis son entrée en vigueur jusqu'en septembre 2017. Ceux-ci comprennent notamment un amendement à l'accord de l'OMC sur la propriété intellectuelle (Accord sur les ADPIC) visant à améliorer l'accès des pays en développement aux médicaments, l'Accord de l'OMC sur la facilitation des échanges, entré en vigueur en février 2017, un amendement adopté en 2017 visant à augmenter l'intervalle entre les cycles d'examen par les pairs au titre du Mécanisme d'examen des politiques commerciales à partir de 2019 et l'Accord amendé sur les marchés publics. Cette publication met à jour et remplace Les textes juridiques: Résultats des négociations commerciales multilatérales du Cycle d'Uruguay, publiés pour la première fois en 1994.
Contact with the public
The WTO website received an increasing number of visitors, with page views rising 5 per cent in 2014. The number of followers of WTO social media pages, Facebook and Twitter, soared and subscription to the WTO channel on YouTube jumped. An average 222,000 video clips were watched every month. The WTO welcomed 216 visiting groups. Over 70 WTO publications were produced, including for the first time an app version of the World Trade Report 2014 for viewing on tablets.
Public information activities
In 2011, the WTO continued to have regular contact with journalists, in Geneva and around the world, and hosted 39 information briefings in Geneva. The WTO organized a number of training activities for journalists, and made increased use of social media to communicate news and promote events. During 2011, the WTO website was revamped to give a stronger sense of what the WTO does and to make it easier for visitors to the site to find information. The WTO further expanded its publications programme, in particular its co-publications with other international organizations.
Solución de diferencias
En 2008 el Órgano de Solución de Diferencias (OSD) recibió 19 notificaciones de Miembros de la OMC en las que se solicitaba formalmente la celebración de consultas en el marco del Entendimiento sobre Solución de Diferencias. Durante este período, el OSD estableció 3 grupos especiales para pronunciarse sobre 5 casos nuevos, el número más bajo de grupos especiales establecidos en un año desde la creación de la OMC. En 2008 se presentaron ante el Órgano de Apelación 13 apelaciones contra informes de grupos especiales.
Aid for Trade
The Committee on Trade and Development adopted the 2016-2017 Aid for Trade work programme on promoting connectivity. Disbursements of Aid for Trade reached US$ 39.8 billion in 2015, the highest amount for a single year. The WTO and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development launched the 2016 Aid for Trade monitoring and evaluation exercise, which aims to review Aid for Trade priorities in advance of the Global Review of Aid for Trade, to be held at the WTO on 11-13 July 2017.
Comercio y medio ambiente
En 2012, el Comité de Comercio y Medio Ambiente (CCMA) recibió información y celebró debates sobre la evolución de distintos aspectos de la política ambiental, desde la mitigación del cambio climático y la pesca hasta la difusión de tecnología ambiental. La Secretaría de la OMC publicó en formato electrónico la Base de Datos sobre Medio Ambiente de 2009, y organizó el primer curso avanzado sobre comercio y medio ambiente.
Tour d’horizon
L’année 2003 a été marquée par d’importants progrès et par quelques déceptions en ce qui concerne le système commercial multilatéral et le Programme de Doha pour le développement (PDD).
Cooperación técnica y formación
En 2011, el IFCT reforzó las medidas destinadas a mejorar el contenido y la aplicación de los programas de asistencia técnica y formación de la OMC, aumentó su capacidad para interactuar con los beneficiarios en todas las regiones e intensificó su función de coordinación para la creación de capacidad comercial. La OMC llevó a cabo 267 actividades de asistencia técnica, con especial atención a África y a los países menos adelantados (PMA). Se adoptó formalmente una iniciativa de gestión basada en los resultados que abarcaba la elaboración, gestión y ejecución de programas de creación de capacidad.
Relaciones con organizaciones no gubernamentales
En 2009 siguieron estrechándose las relaciones con las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) por medio de diversas iniciativas, como el Foro Público de la OMC, reuniones de información con ONG organizadas por la Secretaría de la OMC, actividades con ONG durante la Séptima Conferencia Ministerial y la prórroga del programa piloto en el que se da a las ONG acceso permanente al edificio de la OMC
The basic structure of WTO agreements
Broadly speaking, the WTO agreements for the two largest areas of trade – goods and services – share a common threepart outline, even though the details are sometimes different (see Figure 1).
Aide pour le commerce
En 2012, l’Aide pour le commerce a continué à mobiliser des ressources. D’après les chiffres les plus récents, les engagements sont passés à 45 milliards de dollars EU en 2010, contre environ 40 milliards de dollars EU en 2009. Cela représente une augmentation de 82 pour cent par rapport à la période de référence 2002-2005. Le Comité du commerce et du développement s’est employé à mettre en oeuvre le programme de travail 2012-2013, dont le thème principal est “Approfondir la cohérence”, et il a préparé le quatrième Examen global de l’Aide pour le commerce prévu en 2013, qui sera axé sur les chaînes de valeur mondiales. Quatre ateliers thématiques ont été organisés.
Regional trade agreements
In 2012, the WTO received 37 new notifications, a considerable increase over the 25 received in 2011. The notifications involved 23 regional trade agreements (RTAs). Eight of the RTAs were between developed partners, with another eight involving developed and developing partners. The remaining seven were between developing country partners. The Americas was the region with the highest number of notifications – ten, followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region with eight.
Órgano de Apelación
El volumen de trabajo del Órgano de Apelación siguió siendo importante en 2012, aunque el número de nuevas apelaciones se estabilizó. A lo largo del año el Órgano de Apelación distribuyó informes sobre nueve diferencias, cuatro de los cuales se referían a apelaciones presentadas en 2011. Se presentaron nuevas apelaciones en cinco diferencias, y todas ellas se concluyeron en 2012. Se llevó a cabo un procedimiento de arbitraje de conformidad con el párrafo 3 (c) del artículo 21 relativo al plazo prudencial para la aplicación. En junio se nombró a un nuevo Miembro del Órgano de Apelación.
Contact with parliamentarians
In 2013, the annual Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, organized by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the European Parliament, was held in Bali during the WTO’s Ninth Ministerial Conference. The WTO Secretariat continued to update parliamentarians on WTO issues. It organized a regional workshop for Asian parliamentarians in Singapore.
Dispute settlement activity in 2011
In 2011, the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) received eight notifications from WTO members of formal requests for consultations under the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), less than half the number (17 notifications) received in 2010. This is the lowest number in the history of the WTO, the next lowest being 12 in 2005. Although the volume of new activity is low, the dispute settlement mechanism is currently dealing with numerous cases. The DSB adopted eight panel and five Appellate Body reports, including those in the largest case to come before the dispute settlement system, the case involving the European Union and Airbus..
Message du Directeur général Roberto Azevêdo
L’année 2014 a été cruciale pour l’OMC. Nous avons accompli beaucoup de choses, mais nous avons aussi été confrontés à une épreuve difficile en tant qu’organisation. Après l’explosion de joie à la neuvième Conférence ministérielle à Bali à la fin de 2013, les Membres de l’OMC ont commencé l’année 2014 bien déterminés à mettre en oeuvre les décisions adoptées à Bali, compte tenu de tous les gains que cela apporterait en termes de croissance et de développement dans le monde, et à faire avancer les négociations sur les éléments restants du Programme de Doha pour le développement. Mais le chemin n’a pas été sans obstacles. Le rythme d’avancement des travaux sur certains éléments du paquet de Bali a suscité des préoccupations et, en conséquence, une échéance importante pour la mise en oeuvre a été manquée en juillet.
Quinta Conferencia Ministerial (CM5)
La Quinta Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC se celebró en Cancún (México) del 10 al 14 de septiembre de 2003 y estuvo presidida por el Sr. Luis Ernesto Derbez (México).
Enhanced Integrated Framework
In 2012, the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) – the Aid for Trade programme for least-developed countries (LDCs) – was independently rated as “highly relevant” to the trade and development priorities of LDCs. As a result, the EIF Steering Committee extended the EIF mandate until end-2015, with an additional operational period for project implementation up to 2017. Forty-three countries have so far received assistance, up from 40 at the end of 2011, to build stronger trade institutions and to address trading challenges. The EIF is supported by donor pledges of USD 240 million and contributions of approximately USD 178 million (up from USD 155 million in 2011) as of 31 December 2012.
Marco Integrado mejorado para los PMA
El Marco Integrado mejorado (MIM) para la asistencia relacionada con el comercio en favor de los PM A entró en pleno funcionamiento en 2009. A finales de ese año participaban en el proceso del MIM 47 PM A, y el Fondo Fiduciario del MIM había aumentado hasta alcanzar 90 millones de dólares EE.UU. El amplio apoyo de que goza el MIM quedó de manifiesto en el encuentro ministerial sobre el MIM organizado por el Director General coincidiendo con la Séptima Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC, celebrada en diciembre de 2009.
Trade, debt and finance
The Working Group on Trade, Debt and Finance continued efforts during its two meetings in 2014 to improve understanding of the links between exchange rates and trade, in particular with a view to strengthening coherence between the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the WTO. WTO members strongly encouraged the WTO Director-General to continue to act by way of diagnosis, advocacy and leadership with partner institutions. At the request of members, a high-level WTO seminar was organized on the challenges of access to trade finance in March 2015.
Actividades de solución de diferencias en 2011
En 2011 se notificaron al Órgano de Solución de Diferencias (OSD) ocho solicitudes formales de celebración de consultas presentadas por Miembros de la OMC en el marco del Entendimiento sobre Solución de Diferencias (ESD), es decir, menos de la mitad que en 2010 (17 solicitudes). Este ha sido el año en que menos solicitudes de este tipo se han recibido en la historia de la OMC, seguido de 2005, en que se recibieron 12. No obstante, aunque el volumen de actividad nueva sea bajo, numerosos asuntos son actualmente objeto de examen en el marco del mecanismo de solución de diferencias. El OSD adoptó ocho informes de grupos especiales y cinco del Órgano de Apelación, entre otros, los relativos al asunto de mayor magnitud que se ha sometido al sistema de solución de diferencias, a saber, el referente a la Unión Europea y Airbus (véase infra).
Millennium Challenge Account support and port reforms in Benin: A trade facilitation effects analysis
Since 2006, Benin has benefited from the United States Government initiative, the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) programme. In Benin, the main component of this programme is the Access to Markets Project, through which 61 per cent of MCA subsidies are directed towards improving port operations and infrastructures. The aim of this chapter is to assess the potential effects of these trade facilitation reforms over the project period. Based on performance indicators, this chapter shows an increase in goods traffic via the Cotonou Port Authority (CPA) by an average 13.65 per cent annually. The Granger causality test is applied to establish a relationship between aid and the time taken to process import containers, as well as the quantity of imports. The study shows that Aid for Trade (AfT) induces a significant decrease in the time taken for import container processing at CPA, by an average 6.9 per cent annually. An econometric model of importing enables support for these correlations. We estimate the model with and without an MCA grant. Findings highlight an important increase in volume of imports when MCA aid is included in the model. These results show that an MCA grant contributed to improvement in the CPA’s performance and we suggest intensification of trade facilitation reforms at the CPA.
Introduction
On 1 January 2008 the multilateral trading system will celebrate its sixtieth anniversary. The World Trade Report 2007 marks the occasion with a retrospective look at what has been learned from those six decades of international trade cooperation. It attempts to identify both what lessons are to be drawn from past experience and the nature of challenges to come. To address these issues, the report adopts an eclectic approach, drawing from the economic literature as well as from economic history, international relations or legal approaches. The objective of the report is to explore the lessons to be learned from the rich history of change and institutional adaptation of the multilateral system.
Cooperation with academic institutions
Members of the WTO’s Chairs Programme presented case studies on how reducing trade costs can boost growth at the Fifth Global Review of Aid for Trade in July and at the Public Forum in October. Chairs arranged a number of workshops and were active in several conferences during 2015. Their annual reports showed that the programme’s objectives are being met. The WTO implemented 12 activities under the Academic Support Programme, which aims to support academic institutions from developing countries that are not part of the Chairs Programme.
The future of the WTO
At the risk of sounding facetious, one might ask where the trading system will be in 2048. If there is anything to numerology, that is when it is next due to take a new turn. That would continue a progression that began in 1648, when the Treaty of Westphalia inaugurated a new era in international law, was followed by influential declarations on the pacific nature of trade in both 1748 (in Montesquieu’s De l’esprit des lois) and 1848 (in Mill’s Principles of Political Economy), and seemed to culminate in 1948 with GATT’s entry into force. That most recent of the ’48s was no end-of-history moment, however, as was apparent when the WTO replaced GATT less than half a century later.
Secretariat and budget
The WTO Secretariat has over 600 regular staff who coordinate the activities of the WTO. Most of the WTO’s annual budget consists of contributions by its members.
Early dispute settlement in the GATT
One of the most successful features of international trade law, as represented by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and later by the WTO, is its dispute settlement system. Already at the start of the negotiations setting up the GATT in 1947, it was realised that for a multilateral trading regime to function efficiently there needed to be rules on how to settle disputes between contracting parties or members. The GATT thus provides the basic rules for the settlement of disputes in its Articles XXII and XXIII, rules largely inspired by Article 93 of the Havana Charter, an agreement which never came into force.
Organisation, secrétariat et budget
L’Organisation mondiale du commerce a été créée en 1995 pour succéder au GATT (Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce), qui avait été établi en 1947 après la seconde guerre mondiale. Son principal objectif est d’établir des règles régissant la politique commerciale de ses Membres en vue de favoriser l’expansion du commerce international et d’élever les niveaux de vie. Ces règles cherchent à promouvoir la nondiscrimination, la transparence et la prévisibilité dans la conduite des politiques commerciales. À cet effet, l’OMC.
Introduction
Le présent rapport annuel résume les activités menées par l’Organe d’appel et son secrétariat en 2019 et au premier semestre de 2020.
Composición del órgano de apelación
El Órgano de Apelación es un órgano permanente integrado normalmente por siete Miembros nombrados por el OSD para un mandato de cuatro años que puede renovarse solo una vez por otro período de cuatro años.
Procedural issues arising in appeals
This section summarizes the procedural issues that were addressed in the Appellate Body reports circulated during 2019 and the first quarter of 2020.
Avant-propos
Le présent rapport annuel couvre les procédures achevées en 2019 et au premier semestre 2020.