About the WTO

This book is a history in form but a biography in spirit. That term is technically inaccurate, as one cannot literally write the record of a life for something that does not live. To the extent that we can speak of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as if it were living, however, it is still young. In most of its members, the WTO would barely be of legal age to drink, drive and vote. It has nevertheless been around long enough to permit preliminary assessments of those events that have changed the composition of its membership and altered the ways that those members interact with one another. An underlying theme of this study is that the character of an international organization represents more than the sum of its parties, being the institutional embodiment of specific ideas and aspirations. The fact that the membership of the WTO is virtually identical to that of several other international organizations that deal with global economic issues does not mean that their members meet in these different institutions with identical aims or that they deal with one another in these forums in identical ways. In 18 years of practice, and in its inheritance from a half-century of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and two centuries of trade diplomacy before that, the WTO has received and developed a character that sets it apart from all other global institutions.

Il y a plusieurs manières de considérer l’Organisation mondiale du commerce. C’est une organisation qui s’occupe de l’ouverture commerciale. C’est une enceinte où les gouvernements négocient des accords commerciaux. C’est un lieu où ils règlent leurs différends commerciaux. C’est une organisation qui administre un ensemble de règles commerciales. L’OMC est essentiellement un lieu où les gouvernements Membres tentent de régler les problèmes commerciaux qui les opposent.

Historically, governments have intervened in the agriculture sector more than in other sectors. Agriculture was always covered by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which entered into force in 1948. But numerous exemptions meant agricultural trade escaped most of the disciplines that applied more generally to trade in industrial products. The result was the widespread use of measures that obstructed imports — import bans, limits on quantities that could be imported (quotas), high import duties, import duties whose rates varied and so created market uncertainty, minimum import prices, and various impediments not related to tariffs such as regulations and the activities of state trading enterprises. Major agricultural products such as cereals, meat, dairy, sugar and a range of fruits and vegetables faced trade barriers on a scale unseen in the rest of merchandise trade.

In Part II of this book, the authors discuss the accomplishments and future challenges facing the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its dispute settlement mechanism. In this chapter, I present my observations on the subject of East Asian participation in the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO. By East Asia, I mean the region encompassing the five WTO Members of Northeast Asia (that is, Japan, China, Korea, Chinese Taipei, and Hong Kong, China) and the ten countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (namely, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam). As most countries in this region were latecomers to the multilateral trading system, their participation in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its dispute settlement system was marginal. Their role in the WTO has increased considerably in all aspects of its work, including in its strengthened dispute settlement system. As most of the countries in East Asia are now WTO Members, their participation in the dispute settlement mechanism is likely to expand in the future.

En 2009, le Bureau de l'audit interne (BAI) a publié un rapport sur la politique de l'OMC en matière de voyages, a réalisé deux audits de suivi sur les achats, a examiné les pratiques actuelles en matière de délégation de pouvoir et a rédigé un projet de guide de la politique et des procédures en matière d'audit interne destiné au personnel.

El Programa de Cátedras OMC (PCO), que tiene por objeto respaldar y promover actividades académicas relacionadas con el comercio en universidades e instituciones de investigación de países en desarrollo y PMA, entró en su segunda fase en 2014 con la incorporación de 7 instituciones más al grupo de 14 que ya participaban en el Programa.

Lorsque le rapport de l’année dernière a été rédigé, il y avait un an seulement que la crise financière asiatique avait éclaté. À cette époque, on s’inquiétait encore beaucoup du risque de contagion et de grave récession. Une année plus tard, la situation est plus saine, mais seuls les optimistes invétérés contesteraient la nécessité de faire preuve de vigilance. Des problèmes importants subsistent et la reprise est loin d’être totale. La croissance du PIB au niveau mondial s’est fortement ralentie après avoir atteint un niveau record l’année précédente, cependant que la croissance du volume des échanges a diminué de plus de la moitié. Dans certaines parties de l’Asie, en raison d’un affaiblissement de la croissance de la production, la croissance du volume des importations est devenue négative. Les résultats économiques des autres régions ont contribué a maintenir une croissance de la production mondiale d’environ 2 pour cent et une croissance des exportations mondiales d’environ 4 pour cent en 1998. Aux États-Unis, l’expansion est demeurée exceptionnelle, contribuant pour une large part au chiffre global. Dans l’Union européenne, la progression a été moindre, mais supérieure à la moyenne mondiale.