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The Rise of the People’s Republic of China and Its Competition Effects on Innovation in Japan
As a reaction to import competition from low-wage economies, firms in developed economies would respond by upgrading their innovative activities, leading to so-called defensive skill-biased innovation. In this chapter, we examine this “defensive innovation” hypothesis, which was first discussed in Wood (1994) and subsequently formalized in Thoenig and Verdier (2003). In a broader context, the effect of competition on the rate of innovation has been one of the most studied areas in the literature (e.g., Aghion et al. 2005). In the study most relevant to our work, Bloom, Draca, and Van Reenen (2016) found that a large sample of European firms increased a wide range of their innovative activities (patenting, research and development [R&D] expenditures, computer use, and total factor productivity growth), driven by intensified competition from the People’s Republic of China. This innovation was conducted within-firm.
Ayuda para el comercio
Las corrientes de ayuda para el comercio a los países en desarrollo volvieron a incrementarse en 2012, último año para el que se dispone de cifras, y los compromisos aumentaron un 21%, tras haber disminuido un 14% el año anterior. África fue la región que más se benefició, aunque las corrientes globales a los países menos adelantados (PMA) disminuyeron. Los Miembros de la OMC debatieron sobre los preparativos del Quinto Examen Global de la Ayuda para el Comercio, “Reducir los costos del comercio con miras a un crecimiento inclusivo y sostenible”, que tendrá lugar del 30 de junio al 2 de julio de 2015.
Public Forum 2015
The 2015 Public Forum focused on how and why trade works, and for whom. Participants discussed the contribution of the WTO to the strength and stability of the world economy over the past 20 years. They looked at how the multilateral trading system boosts growth, lifts people out of poverty, increases access to goods and medicines and promotes beneficial relationships between nations. The Forum also examined areas where the WTO can do more to ensure that trade benefits all.
Communication avec les parlementaires
En 2013, la Conférence parlementaire annuelle sur l’OMC, organisée par l’Union interparlementaire (UIP) et le Parlement européen, s’est déroulée à Bali pendant la neuvième Conférence ministérielle de l’OMC. Le Secrétariat a continué à tenir les parlementaires informés des questions relatives à l’OMC. Il a organisé à Singapour un atelier régional à l’intention des parlementaires des pays asiatiques.
Théorie du commerce international et ressources naturelles
Cette section examine les principaux aspects du commerce des ressources naturelles du point de vue théorique. Le commerce est-il un mécanisme efficace pour assurer l’accès aux ressources naturelles ? Quel est son impact sur des ressources finies ou épuisables, notamment dans des conditions de «libre accès» lorsque la propriété d’une ressource naturelle, et l’accès à cette ressource, sont communs ? Y a-t-il une relation entre le commerce et son impact sur l’environnement ? Est-ce que le commerce renforce ou atténue les problèmes liés à la prépondérance des ressources naturelles dans certaines économies ? Et comment influe-t-il sur la volatilité des prix des ressources ? L’examen de ces grandes questions s’appuie sur la littérature théorique consacrée à l’analyse des déterminants et des effets du commerce des ressources naturelles.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
WTO Essay Award for Young Economists
The WTO Essay Award for Young Economists went in 2013 to German economist Felix Tintelnot for a paper on multinational firms’ location and production decisions. The selection panel gave a special mention to the work of Benjamin Faber, also a German national, on international trade, the price of quality and inequality.
Agradecimientos y Descargo de responsabilidad
El Informe sobre el comercio mundial 2017 ha sido elaborado bajo la responsabilidad general de Xiaozhun Yi, Director General Adjunto de la OMC, y Robert Koopman, Director de la División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística. El Informe de este año ha sido coordinado por Marc Bacchetta y José- Antonio Monteiro. Los autores del Informe son Marc Bacchetta, Cosimo Beverelli, John Hancock, Mark Koulen, Viktor Kummritz, José-Antonio Monteiro, Roberta Piermartini, Stela Rubinova y Robert Teh (División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística).
WTO Secretariat
The Secretariat is headed by Director-General Roberto Azevêdo, who took office for four years on 1 September 2013. WTO members agreed to appoint Mr Azevêdo for a second term, starting in September 2017, following a selection process at the end of 2016. The four Deputy Directors-General began their terms on 1 October 2013. They are Yonov Frederick Agah of Nigeria, Karl Brauner of Germany, David Shark of the United States and Xiaozhun Yi of China. The number of WTO staff fell from 647 to 628 in 2016; a recruitment process is under way to fill the vacancies.
Introducción
Los servicios se han convertido en el sector más dinámico del comercio mundial, pero por vías que no siempre se reconocen ni se comprenden. Así como han llegado a dominar muchas economías nacionales, los servicios también desempeñan un papel más importante en la economía mundial. Aunque esto se debe a muchos factores, como el consumo, la liberalización y la inversión, el factor determinante es la tecnología. Servicios que antes eran difíciles de comercializar, porque solo podían prestarse físicamente, son cada vez más fáciles de comercializar, porque pueden prestarse digitalmente. En el Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2019 se examina esta globalización de los servicios: por qué se produce, de qué modo está afectando a las economías y dónde es necesario introducir nuevos enfoques de política.
Selected issues in trade and trade policy
South-South trade has long been promoted as a means to reduce the dependence of developing countries on markets of developed countries and to enhance diversification of Southern exports beyond primary commodities. Most of the mechanisms that were created to foster co-operation among developing countries were largely subregional and regional arrangements, many of them preferential in nature. During the 1950s and 1960s, the promotion of South-South trade was in many instances part of a set of policy measures anchored in a strategy of import substitution behind high trade barriers. South-South trade grew in spurts as developing country economies went through stop and go cycles. Despite efforts to promote and diversify South-South trade, primary products continued to dominate these flows in most regions, and by 1990 South-South trade accounted for only 6.5 per cent of world trade.
Comercio de servicios comerciales
En 2015, el comercio mundial de servicios comerciales se contrajo un 6%; en algunas regiones la disminución fue considerable (véase el gráfico 5.5). En la Comunidad de Estados Independientes (CEI), las exportaciones disminuyeron un 16% y las importaciones, un 23% como resultado de la contracción del comercio de servicios de la Federación de Rusia y la depreciación del rublo ruso respecto del dólar EE.UU. (véase el cuadro 3).
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.