Trade monitoring
Les négociations commerciales en 2016
Les Membres de l’OMC se sont attachés à mettre en oeuvre les résultats des Conférences ministérielles de Nairobi et de Bali et à donner suite aux instructions formulées par les Ministres à Nairobi concernant les négociations commerciales. Après un premier semestre de réflexion, il y a eu à partir de juillet un regain d’engagement des Membres dans un esprit constructif, dans plusieurs domaines des négociations dans la perspective de la onzième Conférence ministérielle qui doit se tenir en décembre 2017 à Buenos Aires. Conforté par le succès des Conférences de Bali et de Nairobi, le secteur privé a demandé à l’OMC d’obtenir de nouveaux résultats pour favoriser la croissance et le développement.
Preface
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
“Hecho en el mundo”
En 2012, la OMC y la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) crearon una base de datos sobre las corrientes comerciales bilaterales medidas en términos de valor añadido, en lugar de mediante el tradicional valor en aduana. La iniciativa “Hecho en el mundo” y sus implicaciones para las políticas comerciales y de desarrollo fueron además objeto de examen en varios seminarios internacionales. En la reunión que celebró en marzo de 2012 en Puerto Vallarta, el G-20 destacó la importancia de entender el papel de las cadenas de valor mundiales en el comercio internacional y sus repercusiones en la economía mundial.
Concluding Remarks by the Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body, H.E. Mr Eduardo Muñoz Gómez, at the Trade Policy Review of Uruguay 27 and 29 April 2012
This fourth Trade Policy Review of Uruguay has provided an opportunity for us to improve our understanding of recent developments in Uruguay’s trade and investment policies, including areas where significant progress has been made, and those where there is room for improvement. We are grateful for the active participation of the Uruguayan delegation, led by Ambassador Álvaro Ons, Executive Secretary of the Interministerial Commission on Foreign Trade. We also thank Ambassador Francisco Pírez, Permanent Representative of Uruguay to the WTO, and the other members of the Uruguayan delegation. Our discussions have also been enriched by the judicious observations of the discussant, Ambassador Francisco Lima, and by the numerous statements of Members. The answers provided by the Uruguayan authorities to the questions submitted in advance were very much appreciated.
Trade in goods
Over the course of four meetings held in 2012, the Council for Trade in Goods approved a number of waiver requests, individual and collective, such as the extension of the waiver on the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), the on-going harmonization of tariff schedules and the European Union duties on certain goods from Pakistan. It also discussed a range of trade concerns raised by members.
Causes et effets des ACPr: Est-ce toujours une question de préférences?
De nombreux ouvrages d’économie et de science politique s’intéressent aux causes et aux effets des accords commerciaux préférentiels (ACPr) – et en particulier à la façon dont les mesures à la frontière, comme les droits de douane, influent sur les échanges entre les pays dans le cadre de ces accords et en dehors. Souvent qualifiée d’« analyse classique des accords commerciaux préférentiels », cette littérature est examinée en détail dans les Sections C.1 et C.2. Mais de nombreux accords régionaux récents vont au-delà des mesures à la frontière pour englober des formes plus profondes de règles et d’institutions qui ne peuvent être que partiellement appréhendées par l’analyse classique du commerce préférentiel. Les motivations économiques – et les principales questions – qui sous-tendent les accords d’intégration approfondie sont examinées dans la Section C.3.
Supply chains and trade in value-added
The increasing importance of global supply chains challenges the way statistics on trade are collected. Statistics on international trade flows are measured in gross terms and, hence, record the value of intermediate inputs traded along the value chain multiple times. Trade in global supply chains can be measured using firm surveys, customs statistics that record trade flows under special schemes of tariff reduction or exemption, or the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) classifying goods as being intermediate or final. Because of several limitations associated with these methods, however, using input-output tables has become the preferred method for measuring trade in global supply chains. They are used to compute the value of imported inputs embodied in goods that are exported. A more complete measure of a country’s participation in global value chains combines foreign value-added in exports (upstream links) with exports that are incorporated in other products and re-exported (downstream links). Estimates of the ratio of valueadded exports to gross exports suggests that the double counting in gross trade flows, and hence international production sharing, has intensified in recent years, especially for fast growing countries undergoing structural transformation. Relying on national inputoutput tables, however, has its limitations. Combining it with bilateral trade data is difficult because there is no standard international classification, the level of sectoral aggregation is often different and their publication is infrequent. On-going efforts from the international statistics community to estimate trade in value-added go beyond the limitations of the input-output approach.