Trade monitoring
Le commerce international des services de transport aérien: Évolution récente et questions de politique
Comme c’est le cas pour d’autres services de transport, la relation entre le transport aérien et le commerce international se situe à deux niveaux. D’une part, le transport aérien est commercialisé en tant que service à part entière. D’autre part, il constitue un service intermédiaire essentiel pour de nombreux autres types d’échanges, qu’il s’agisse de marchandises ou de services (par exemple le tourisme). De nombreuses études ont fait ressortir l’importance d’une infrastructure de transport aérien fiable, efficace et efficiente, notamment dans les pays en développement, pour assurer la matérialisation des avantages du commerce (OMC, 2004). Ces études ont également souligné la contribution importante de l’aviation civile internationale au processus de développement et le rôle qu’elle joue dans les décisions commerciales et touristiques d’un grand nombre de personnes. Ce rôle est appelé à se développer avec l’innovation technologique, la déréglementation et l’élargissement de l’accès aux marchés pour les entreprises étrangères - autant de facteurs qui rendent le transport aérien plus accessible à une clientèle plus large dans un plus grand nombre de pays.
Comercio de mercancías
El Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías de la OMC se está convirtiendo cada vez más en un foro en el que se plantean preocupaciones comerciales, y en las cuatro reuniones que celebró en 2013 los Miembros plantearon varias preocupaciones de esa índole, algunas de las cuales están siendo objeto de consultas en el marco del Entendimiento sobre Solución de Diferencias de la OMC. El Consejo también aprobó varias solicitudes de exención, individuales y colectivas, como la prórroga de la exención relativa a la aplicación de un régimen preferencial autónomo a Moldova y la armonización en curso de las listas arancelarias.
Informes de vigilancia del comercio
En 2013, algunos Miembros de la OMC aplicaron nuevas medidas restrictivas del comercio pero, en términos generales, los países se resistieron a las presiones internas para establecer obstáculos al comercio. Las nuevas medidas se sumaron al conjunto de restricciones y distorsiones comerciales existentes. El crecimiento de la economía mundial siguió siendo lento y desigual, lo que tuvo efectos importantes en las corrientes comerciales mundiales. Según las estimaciones, el crecimiento del volumen del comercio mundial de mercancías fue del 2,5% en 2013, y se prevé que será del 4,5% en 2014, niveles que todavía se sitúan por debajo de la tendencia histórica.
Acknowledgements
This publication has been prepared under the direction of Hubert Escaith, Chief Statistician, and Andreas Maurer, Chief, International Trade Statistics Section. The coordination and supervision of the production of tables, charts and maps was undertaken by Ninez Piezas-Jerbi, with the assistance of Aude Lanois. Statistical research, data compilation and the preparation of estimates were conducted by Barbara d’Andrea-Adrian, Christophe Degain, Florian Eberth, Antonella Liberatore, Joscelyn Magdeleine, Yann Marcus, Ninez Piezas-Jerbi, Bekele Tamenu and Ying Yan.
Policy responses to labour market adjustment and distributional changes
If the economy is to benefit from technological change and trade, workers will often have to change jobs or occupations, a process which may cause dislocation for workers. The more smoothly this process takes place in the labour market, the lower the adjustment costs for displaced workers and the greater the net gains to society from technological change and trade. Governments and other institutions can make the labour market more responsive to economic change through a range of measures that are targeted primarily at, but not focused exclusively on, the labour market. Reducing the costs of adjustment for workers can also lower public resistance to technological change and prevent the rise of trade protectionism.
Report by the WTO Secretariat
Malaysia is a middle-income country with a diverse economy. Trade is very important, with exports and imports of goods and services equivalent to about 130% of GDP. For the past four years, real GDP growth has averaged nearly 5% despite a number of external and domestic shocks, including global commodity price and financial market volatility, weak external demand, and domestic political controversy. Growth has been based on domestic demand and helped by the diversified production and export base, a flexible exchange rate, responsive macroeconomic policies, and strong financial markets.
Preface
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Composition, definitions & methodology
WTO members are frequently referred to as “countries”, although some members are not countries in the usual sense of the word but are officially “customs territories”. The definition of geographical and other groupings in this report does not imply an expression of opinion by the Secretariat concerning the status of any country or territory, the delimitation of its frontiers, nor the rights and obligations of any WTO member in respect of WTO agreements. The colours, boundaries, denominations, and classifications in the maps of this publication do not imply, on the part of the WTO, any judgement on the legal or other status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of any boundary
SMEs in international trade: Stylized facts
Every firm that contemplates expanding its operations in a foreign country has to choose a specific market entry strategy. As trade is the most common form of internationalization for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), this section surveys available statistical evidence on the participation of SMEs in international trade in both developed and developing economies, and how their activities relate to traditional trade flows and to trade in the context of global value chains. The objective is to provide an accurate and detailed description of the SME trade landscape, but also to identify important gaps in information and data coverage.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Redistribution policies in a globalized world
Does the process of economic globalization curtail the capacity of national governments to pursue autonomous economic policies at home? Does the growing cross-border mobility of factors (and its associated threat of capital flight) discipline governments and limit the level of taxes and of public spending? Is economic integration inimical to redistribution at home? If trade and financial liberalization lead to higher levels of within-country inequality (or, at least, the emergence of economic sectors that bear significant economic losses), can states develop economically sustainable policies to compensate those made worse off by trade reforms? In fact, are there any particular policies that can make economic globalization and fair social policies at home (designed to share the gains from trade) compatible?
Facilitación del comercio
El 22 de febrero de 2017 se alcanzó un hito importante para el sistema mundial de comercio. El primer acuerdo multilateral concluido en los 21 años de existencia de la OMC entró en vigor cuando la OMC obtuvo el número necesario de aceptaciones de sus 164 Miembros para que el Acuerdo sobre Facilitación del Comercio se hiciera efectivo.