Trade monitoring
Informe de la Secretaría de la OMC
Costa Rica es un país de ingreso medio-alto, que presenta indicadores positivos de desarrollo humano. Durante el periodo 2012-2018, el PIB per cápita, en términos corrientes, aumentó un 20%, hasta alcanzar los USD 12.017 en 2018. El PIB en términos reales también aumentó, a una tasa promedio anual del 3,5%, en consonancia con su crecimiento potencial, y se sustentó principalmente en el incremento de la demanda interna, sobre todo en el consumo final de los hogares. Las exportaciones netas de bienes y servicios también tuvieron una contribución neta positiva al PIB, debida principalmente a los buenos resultados de las exportaciones de servicios. No obstante, la tasa de desempleo permaneció relativamente elevada durante el periodo examinado, y se situó entre un 9% y un 10% (promedio anual).
Actual and perceived effects of offshoring on economic insecurity: The role of labour market regimes
Despite broad public concern with the effect of firms’ offshoring behaviour on economic insecurity, there is scant research. Most analysis over the past 20 years – widely acknowledged as a period of rapid globalization – has focused on the impact of offshoring on workers depending on whether they are “skilled” or “unskilled”. The main research question has been the relative contribution of trade versus technological change to the rise in wage inequality in many industrialized countries. In this chapter we seek to broaden our understanding of the effect of offshoring on economic insecurity and also to connect the question of economic insecurity to national labour market institutions and to workers’ perceptions of globalization. We shift the focus to the effect of offshoring on the labour share of income rather than on its relative impact on high- and low-skilled workers. The labour share (or one minus the capital share) is affected by firm-level changes in productivity, labour demand and the distribution of value added. It is useful to capture profits and wages in the measure of economic security, since offshoring is driven by the corporations’ pursuit of higher profits and greater flexibility. Moreover, the labour share comprises workers’ earnings and employment, and analysis of the impact of offshoring on economic insecurity should include both.
Joining the WTO
Yemen joined the WTO in June 2014, raising the WTO membership to 160. In December, the General Council adopted the accession terms of Seychelles, clearing the way for the country to join the WTO in April 2015. A number of other aspiring members made progress with their accessions. The WTO strengthened its technical assistance programme for acceding governments.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Conclusions
Over the last few decades, services have become the backbone of the global economy and the most dynamic component of international trade. Services are increasingly easier to trade thanks in large part to digitalization. From online education to virtual law firms, technology is penetrating all services sectors, transforming services traditionally delivered face-to-face into remotely tradable services. Trade, long dominated by the exchange of goods, increasingly involves services, transforming the global economy in the process.
Premio OMC de Ensayo para Jóvenes Economistas
En 2011, un brasileño y un estadounidense compartieron el Premio OMC de Ensayo para Jóvenes Economistas. El Jurado Académico eligió a los economistas Rafael Dix-Carneiro, un brasileño que trabaja en los Estados Unidos, y a Kyle Handley, por sus artículos sobre el comercio y los mercados de trabajo y sobre la incertidumbre de la política comercial. Ambos autores recibieron ex aequo el premio en metálico.
The economics of subsidies
The purpose of this Section is to assist the reader to better understand the twin questions of why governments use subsidies and how subsidies impact international trade. As is frequently the case in economic analysis, the starting point for what follows is a “benchmark” economy featuring perfectly competitive markets. This approach provides the basis for general insights into the impact of policy interventions such as subsidies. As discussed further below, under the condition of a perfectly competitive market, no case can be made for a subsidy. Introducing a subsidy or some other government measure within a perfect market framework will be inefficient and welfare-diminishing. But if the perfect market assumption is relaxed, situations may arise where a government measure like a subsidy improves welfare. An efficient subsidy would correct a market failure, bringing social and private costs and benefits into alignment.
World trade in 2011: Introduction
The volume of world merchandise trade rose 5.0 per cent in 2011, accompanied by global output growth of 2.4 per cent. This marked a significant slowdown from 2010, when trade advanced 13.8 per cent and output expanded by 3.8 per cent.
Trade Policy Reviews in 2012
The WTO conducted 20 Trade Policy Reviews in 2012 to examine the trade policies and practices of 26 WTO members. The dates of the reviews and the countries covered are shown on the map. Further information, including the Chair’s concluding remarks for each review, can be found on the WTO website: www.wto.org/tpr.
Dispute settlement activity in 2016
The WTO’s dispute settlement system had its busiest year so far, averaging 22 cases per month where active proceedings are under way. These are cases where a panel or arbitration has been composed and where preparations are ongoing for the finalization of a panel, arbitration or Appellate Body report. The Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) received 17 requests for consultations, the first step in the dispute settlement process, and established eight new panels. The dispute settlement system began to benefit from measures introduced to address the increasing workload it faces.
Preface
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Secrétariat de l’OMC
Le Secrétariat est dirigé par le Directeur général, M. Roberto Azevêdo, qui a pris ses fonctions le 1er septembre 2013 pour un mandat de quatre ans. Les Membres de l’OMC sont convenus de désigner M. Azevêdo pour un second mandat commençant en septembre 2017, après un processus de sélection mené à bien à la fin de 2016. Les quatre directeurs généraux adjoints ci-après ont pris leurs fonctions le 1er octobre 2013: Yonov Frederick Agah (Nigéria), Karl Brauner (Allemagne), David Shark (États-Unis) et Yi Xiaozhun (Chine) (voir la figure 1). Le nombre de fonctionnaires de l’OMC a diminué en 2016, passant de 647 à 628; un processus de recrutement est en cours pour pourvoir les postes vacants.
Foreword
The World Trade Report 2004 is the second annual publication in the WTO Secretariat’s new series. As I indicated last year, the World Trade Report seeks to deepen public understanding of current trade policy issues and to contribute to more informed consideration of the options facing governments. Like last year, the Report begins with a review of recent world trade developments. This is followed by three shorter essays – on trade preferences, the temporary movement of natural persons, and geographical indications. The main topic of the Report this year is coherence.
Supply chains and trade finance
The issue of finance is an integral one in the supply chain context, given that supply chains embody flows of information, capital, goods, and labour. The concept of credit chains, reviewed here, directly addresses this. The supply chain concept has traditionally tended to emphasise the tangible/material dimensions of the chain. As a result, the financial dimension had been relatively neglected in the literature. This changed with the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. As both a potential aggravator and victim of the crisis, trade finance and supply chains became the subject of a new and rapidly growing body of literature. Previously, the subject had been largely addressed in the context of operations research and economic development. We review findings from all research areas in the literature, and observe significant merit in the credit chain concept of supply chain financial flows. Migration of the concept to other areas of supply chain research could potentially address financial dimensions of supply chains that are otherwise underemphasised in the literature.