Books

“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Mexico.

The WTO Annual Report 2023 provides a comprehensive account of the WTO’s activities in 2022 and the early part of 2023. At the start of the report, Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala reflects on the current challenges facing world trade and the role of the WTO in helping the world address these challenges.

“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Brazil.

Au cours des dernières décennies, le secteur des services a été la principale source de croissance économique. Si la logistique, la finance et les technologies de l'information jouent un rôle essentiel dans le fonctionnement des économies modernes, les services fournis aux entreprises, les soins de santé et les loisirs figurent parmi les secteurs dont la croissance est la plus forte au monde. Cette publication – publiée conjointement par la Banque mondiale et l'OMC – met en avant la contribution que le commerce et l'investissement dans le secteur des services peuvent apporter à la croissance et au développement économiques. Elle souligne, en particulier, qu'il est important de redynamiser la coopération internationale dans le commerce des services et invite à réfléchir sur la manière de mobiliser au mieux l'aide pour les économies en développement et les économies les moins avancées dans la mise en œuvre des réformes du secteur des services, afin que celles-ci puissent tirer parti de l'expansion du commerce et de l'investissement dans ce secteur.

"Les examens des politiques commerciales" analysent les politiques et pratiques commerciales de chaque Membre de l’OMC. Les examens comprennent trois grandes parties: un rapport indépendant établi par le Secrétariat de l’OMC, un rapport établi par le gouvernement et les remarques finales formulées par le Président de l’Organe d’examen des politiques commerciales de l’OMC. La première section- "Principales données sur le commerce" - donne un aperçu visuel des principales exportations/importations du Membre de l’OMC considéré, des principales destinations de ses exportations, des origines de ses importations et d’autres données clés. La présente édition examine les pratiques commerciales de Djibouti.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes an extraordinary global public health crisis. It has created a pressing need for intensified global cooperation. The pandemic has from its outset raised issues at the crossroads of public health policy, trade policy and the framework for and management of innovation, including those relating to intellectual property rights. The second edition of the joint WHO, WIPO and WTO publication “Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation: Intersections between public health, intellectual property and trade”, published in 2020, included a special insert mapping the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to the integrated health, trade and IP policy framework set out in the study. This update revises the information contained in the last version launched in October 2021 in the light of more recent developments as of 17 May 2023.

World Tariff Profiles 2023 provides comprehensive information on the tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by over 170 countries and customs territories. The publication starts with a breakdown of the tariffs imposed by these economies. Tariff data are presented in comparative tables and in one-page profiles for each economy. A summary table on selected indicators on the imports and exports profile for these economies is also presented. Statistics on non tariff measures by country and by product group complement the data on tariffs. Under the special topics part, there are two technical papers. The first one analyses the evolution of market access over 16 years of World Tariff Profiles and the second one focuses on Product classification for WTO trade statistics and policy analysis - Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTN) Categories. The publication is jointly prepared by the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Trade Centre (ITC).

In brief, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

This report explores the opportunities and challenges for developing economies arising from digital trade and discusses the role of international cooperation in tackling these opportunities and challenges. The report considers policy actions in the areas of digital infrastructure, skills, international support for capacity development, and the regulatory and policy environment. Specific policy issues include the WTO e-commerce moratorium, regulation of cross-border data flows, competition policies, and consumer protection.

Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Viet Nam – the so-called Mekong-3 - have experienced rapid trade growth over the last ten years. However, growth could be boosted even further by improving access to trade finance, such as loans and guarantees, for locally owned businesses seeking to trade globally. This publication presents the results of two surveys undertaken by the IFC to determine the level of trade finance available to businesses in the Mekong region. An analysis of the data conducted by the WTO explores the potential impact of an expansion in trade finance and how this could lead to greater integration into world trade and more inclusiveness, with increased participation in global supply chains by small businesses and women-owned enterprises. The publication is intended to serve as a guide to how domestic financial sectors can reorient their operations to support cross-border trade and enhanced access to global markets.

Le Rapport Annuel 2023 couvre les activités menées par l’OMC en 2022 et au début de 2023. Le rapport débute par un message de la Directrice générale Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala dans lequel elle livre ses réflexions sur les enjeux actuels du commerce mondial et le rôle joué par l’OMC pour aider le monde à y faire face.

Conferencias Ministeriales de la OMC: resultados fundamentales segunda edición contiene todos los resultados fundamentales de las Conferencias Ministeriales de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) desde el establecimiento de la Organización en 1995. Esos resultados fundamentales, que abarcan 12 Conferencias Ministeriales celebradas entre 1996 y 2022, incluyen Decisiones y Declaraciones Ministeriales, así como declaraciones de los Presidentes. En esta publicación se reproducen también los resultados ministeriales pertinentes de la Ronda Uruguay adoptados en relación con el establecimiento de la OMC. La presente publicación complementa Los Acuerdos de la OMC, título publicado recientemente por Cambridge University Press y la OMC, que contiene el Acuerdo de Marrakech por el que se establece la OMC y sus Anexos.

La publicación Perfiles comerciales 2023 presenta una serie de indicadores clave sobre el comercio de mercancías y de servicios de 197 economías. En el caso del comercio de mercancías, se indican las principales exportaciones e importaciones de productos agropecuarios y productos no agrícolas, así como los principales orígenes y destinos de esos productos. En el caso del comercio de servicios se hace un desglose detallado por servicios de transporte, viajes y otros servicios comerciales. La publicación contiene asimismo estadísticas sobre propiedad intelectual. Se ofrece información respecto de todos los Miembros y observadores de la OMC y de otras economías. Los datos de cada economía se presentan en un práctico formato de dos páginas, lo que proporciona un panorama sucinto del comercio mundial. La publicación es un instrumento de referencia imprescindible para todo aquel que necesite consultar estadísticas comerciales básicas.

WTO Ministerial Conferences: Key Outcomes contains all the key outcomes from WTO Ministerial Conferences since the organization was established in 1995. Covering twelve Ministerial Conferences held between 1996 and 2022, the key outcomes include Ministerial Decisions and Declarations as well as Chairpersons’ statements. This publication also reproduces relevant Ministerial outcomes of the Uruguay Round adopted in connection with the establishment of the WTO. This publication complements The WTO Agreements, published by Cambridge University Press and the WTO, which contains the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO and its Annexes.

The First review of the trade policies and practices of the United Kingdom takes place on 28 and 30 October 2025. The basis for the review is a report by the WTO Secretariat and a report by the Government of the United Kingdom.

La inteligencia artificial (IA) está transformando la forma en que vivimos, trabajamos, producimos y comerciamos. Se prevé que, a medida que se vaya desarrollando, irá abriendo oportunidades económicas y sociales sin precedentes. No obstante, es también una fuente de riesgos y desafíos importantes. En el presente informe se examina la intersección de la IA y el comercio internacional, y se analiza la manera en que la IA puede configurar el futuro del comercio internacional, al reducir los costos del comercio, mejorar la productividad y ampliar las ventajas comparativas de las economías. En el informe se examinan algunas de las principales consideraciones de política comercial, en particular, la necesidad urgente de abordar la brecha cada vez mayor en materia de IA entre las distintas economías y entre las grandes y pequeñas empresas, así como las cuestiones relacionadas con la gobernanza de los datos y la propiedad intelectual. También se estudia cómo garantizar la fiabilidad de la IA sin obstaculizar el comercio. En el informe se presenta un panorama general de las iniciativas gubernamentales adoptadas a nivel nacional, regional e internacional para promover y regular la IA, y se destaca el riesgo de fragmentación de la reglamentación resultante. Por último, en el informe se aborda el papel fundamental de la OMC por lo que se refiere a facilitar el comercio relacionado con la IA, garantizar la fiabilidad de la IA y hacer frente a las tensiones comerciales emergentes, y se señala que la rápida evolución de la IA plantea dudas sobre sus consecuencias para las normas del comercio internacional.

The Fifth review of the trade policies and practices of Sri Lanka takes place on 15 and 17 October 2025. The basis for the review is a report by the WTO Secretariat and a report by the Government of Sri Lanka.

This new edition provides an introduction to the WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture, outlining its key principles, the work of the Agriculture Committee, and how disputes have interpreted WTO law on agriculture. This publication forms part of the WTO Agreements Series, which aims to assist understanding of WTO agreements. Other publications in the series include Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade.

International trade in food has helped to reduce global poverty and hunger. However, illicit trade in food and food fraud undermine the global food system and endanger public health. This publication looks into the challenges of combating illicit practices, such as smuggling and counterfeiting. Contributors examine the topic from a variety of perspectives, discussing how best to address illegal food trade and the role the WTO could play.

Aid for Trade seeks to enable developing economies, and in particular least-developed countries (LDCs), to use trade as a means of fostering economic growth, sustainable development and poverty reduction. It promotes the integration of developing economies, especially LDCs, into the multilateral trading system and aims to galvanize support to build supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure in these economies to improve trade performance. This publication draws on the responses provided by participants to the questionnaire of the 2024 joint OECD–WTO Aid for Trade monitoring and evaluation (M&E) exercise, which underpins the 2024 Global Review of Aid for Trade. It presents an analysis of the M&E questionnaire responses and provides information on Aid for Trade financing flows up to the year 2022. Drawing on the responses to the survey, it describes priority areas for the Aid for Trade Initiative for 2024 and the coming years.

The WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies aims to enhance the sustainability of fisheries resources by prohibiting some of the most harmful types of fisheries subsidies. Implementation of the Agreement will enhance fisheries sustainability, which in turn will make an important contribution to strengthening global food security. This report highlights the importance of international collaboration in assisting developing and least developed country (LDC) members in overcoming the challenges associated with implementing the Agreement.

The transition to clean energy offers opportunities for developing economies and least-developed countries (LDCs) to exploit the export potential of this transition and to accelerate their growth prospects. The WTO-led Aid for Trade initiative provides significant support to these economies to help them develop their energy sectors and transition to clean energy. However, sustained support is required to ensure that firms benefit from the trade opportunities that will emerge as a result of the clean energy transition. This report highlights the role that Aid for Trade can play in mobilizing financial resources to deliver targeted assistance and to help developing economies unlock export opportunities created by clean energy. It also underlines the role of development partners in helping firms integrate into clean energy value chains by investing in the production of clean energy technologies, such as green hydrogen and solar power.

The Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement aims to ensure that regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures followed by WTO members do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade. Annual Review of TBT Agreement The WTO Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade collects data on an annual basis on the implementation of the TBT Agreement. The information in this brochure is based on the 2023 review. About the WTO The World Trade Organization is the international body dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible, with a level playing field for all its members.

"The WTO Building" provides a fascinating insight into the artwork and architecture of the Centre William Rappard (CWR), home of the World Trade Organization. The book describes the origins and evolution of the CWR, highlighting the many works of art created and donated to adorn the building over the years.

Le présent rapport analyse l’évolution des flux d’Aide pour le commerce dans un contexte marqué par des crises d’une ampleur sans précédent, qui ont des conséquences importantes pour le commerce et l’investissement. Intitulé «Permettre un commerce connecté et durable», il montre que l’Aide pour le commerce a été un outil important dans la lutte contre la pandémie de COVID-19, et peut aider à relever des défis nouveaux comme la transition écologique et la transition numérique, et dans le même temps, à faire en sorte que nul ne soit laissé de côté. Des données récentes font ressortir le changement qui s’opère actuellement pour placer la durabilité, y compris la transition verte et l’autonomisation des femmes, au coeur de l’Aide pour le commerce, et soulignent le potentiel de celle-ci à l’appui d’une reprise inclusive et durable.

La publicación “Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo 2023” ofrece información exhaustiva sobre los aranceles impuestos por más de 170 países y territorios aduaneros. La publicación comienza con un desglose de los aranceles impuestos por esas economías. Los datos se presentan en cuadros sinópticos y en perfiles individuales de una página para cada economía. Se proporciona también una tabla recapitulativa sobreeterminados indicadores relativos a los perfiles de importación y de exportación para estas economías. A continuación figura una sección sobre la utilización de las medidas no arancelarias, que están adquiriendo una importancia cada vez mayor en el comercio internacional. En el apartado/la sección de los temas especiales, figuran dos documentos técnicos. En el primero se analizan la evolución del acceso a los mercados en los 16 años de la publicación Perfiles Arancelarios en el Mundo y el segundo se centra en la Clasificación de productos utilizada por la OMC en las estadísticas comerciales y el análisis de políticas – Categorías de las Negociaciones Comerciales Multilaterales.

L'établissement du système commercial multilatéral, il y a plus de 70 ans, reposait sur l'idée que l'interdépendance et la coopération contribuaient à la paix et à la prospérité de tous. Plus récemment, toutefois, de nouveaux défis sont apparus, comme les tensions géopolitiques, l'augmentation des inégalités et les changements climatiques, et ont suscité la crainte que la mondialisation n'expose les pays à des risques excessifs. Ces craintes ont intensifié les pressions exercées pour revenir sur les relations commerciales et se tourner vers des politiques unilatérales au moyen d'un processus de fragmentation. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial de cette année examine les avantages de l'intégration dans le commerce mondial ainsi que les risques liés à la fragmentation. Il montre que le commerce s'est révélé être une source de sécurité et de paix, un vecteur de réduction de la pauvreté et un outil essentiel pour lutter contre les changements climatiques. Le rapport fait valoir que, pour rendre nos économies plus sûres, plus inclusives et plus durables, la remondialisation, à savoir l'intégration d'un plus grand nombre de personnes, d'économies et de questions urgentes dans le commerce mondial et le renforcement de la coopération multilatérale, est une solution beaucoup plus efficace que la fragmentation pour relever les défis mondiaux. Les problèmes mondiaux appellent des solutions mondiales, ce qui signifie que dans le monde d'aujourd'hui, il faut davantage de coopération, pas moins. Un système commercial multilatéral redynamisé chapeauté par l'OMC a un rôle important à jouer dans ce processus.

La publication intitulée « Profils tarifaires dans le monde 2023 » donne des renseignements complets sur les droits imposés par plus de 170 pays et territoires douaniers. La publication commence par une ventilation des droits de douane appliqués par ces économies. Les données sont présentées dans des tableaux récapitulatifs et sous forme de profils individuels d’une page pour chaque économie. Un tableau récapitulatif concernant certains indicateurs relatifs au profil des importations et des exportations pour ces économies est aussi disponible. Vient ensuite une section qui porte sur l’utilisation des mesures non tarifaires, qui sont de plus en plus importantes dans le commerce international. La partie consacrée aux sujets spéciaux comprend deux documents techniques. Le premier analyse l’évolution de l’accès aux marchés au cours de 16 années de « Profils tarifaires dans le monde » et le second met l’accent sur la classification des produits aux fins des statistiques commerciales et analyses de politiques établies par l’OMC – catégories utilisées dans les négociations commerciales multilatérales (NCM).

“World Trade Statistical Review” looks into the latest trends in global trade, with in-depth analysis of what is being traded and who the key players are. Analytical chapters are complemented by over 65 tables providing a detailed breakdown of the goods and services being traded and the leading exporters/importers.

Measures such as prohibitions, export licences and restrictions assist in risk management and the regulation of trade in controlled and sensitive goods. They are established pursuant to international agreements and conventions on protecting people and the environment, on controlling drugs and harmful substances, and on contributing to international peace and weapons controls. This publication explores how particular international agreements and conventions operate in practice and how they link to the multilateral trading system. Prepared or reviewed by the secretariats and implementing bodies of the relevant international agreements and conventions, the chapters delve into the export-related controls covered by these legal instruments and how these restrictions tie in with WTO agreements. The agreements and conventions included in this publication were selected on the basis of three criteria: the presence of provisions in the agreement or convention that seek to regulate exports; the extent to which WTO members are party to those provisions; and how often members refer to them in their notifications submitted to the WTO Secretariat. The aim of the publication is to provide a better understanding of how international agreements and conventions regulate the export of high-risk and controlled goods and how these regulations co-exist with WTO rules.

The WTO’s “Global Trade Outlook and Statistics” analyses recent global trade developments up to the fourth quarter of 2023 and presents the organization’s forecasts for world trade in 2024 and 2025. Breakdowns of merchandise and commercial services trade by sector and region are provided, together with details on leading traders. The report is timed to coincide with the release of the WTO’s latest quarterly and annual trade statistics, which can be downloaded from the WTO’s online database at stats.wto.org.

Las “Perspectivas del comercio mundial y estadísticas” de la OMC analizan la evolución reciente del comercio mundial hasta el cuarto trimestre de 2023 y presentan las previsiones de la Organización sobre el comercio mundial en 2024 y 2025. Se proporcionan desgloses del comercio de mercancías y servicios comerciales por sectores y regiones, así como información detallada sobre los principales interlocutores comerciales. La publicación del informe coincide con la de las últimas estadísticas comerciales trimestrales y anuales de la OMC, que pueden descargarse de la base de datos en línea de la OMC en la dirección siguiente: stats.wto.org.

La OMC ha publicado su informe anual 2024, en el que se da cuenta exhaustiva de las actividades de la Organización en 2023 y en la primera parte de 2024. El informe repasa los principales acontecimientos del pasado año, como la Decimotercera Conferencia Ministerial, y describe la labor de la OMC para hacer frente a los retos a los que se enfrenta el comercio mundial y aprovechar sus oportunidades.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to lead to a new era of growth. By transforming how goods and services are produced, exchanged and consumed, AI can bring about substantial changes in the global economy. Yet the future trajectory of AI remains uncertain, raising critical questions about trade and inclusive growth. The World Trade Report 2025 explores the complex and fast-evolving relationship between AI and international trade and how this relationship can shape inclusive growth. AI offers new opportunities to reduce trade costs, boost productivity and expand access to global markets. In addition, trade can help to render AI more accessible by spreading knowledge, fostering innovation and promoting participation in AI value chains. However, unequal access across the world to digital infrastructure, appropriate skills and capabilities could increase the digital divide. Also, the impact of AI on the labour market presents additional challenges. Whether AI-enabled trade translates into broad-based, inclusive growth will depend on the design and implementation of trade and trade-related policies. WTO rules on trade in goods, services, data, intellectual property and public procurement can shape the availability, affordability and diffusion of AI. Complementary policies regulating competition, data infrastructure, energy, education and government support can also help to determine whether and how economies benefit from AI-enabled trade. The WTO can play a central role in ensuring that AI supports more inclusive trade-led growth by administering WTO rules, by fostering dialogue, transparency and capacity-building, and by deepening collaboration on AI and digital trade with other international organizations.

World Tariff Profiles 2024 provides comprehensive information on the tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by over 170 countries and customs territories. The publication starts with a breakdown of the tariffs imposed by these economies. Tariff data are presented in comparative tables and in one-page profiles for each economy. A summary table on selected indicators on the imports and exports profile for these economies is also presented. Statistics on non tariff measures by economy and by product group complement the data on tariffs. This special topic deals with “Tariffs on critical minerals in the electric vehicle value chain”. The publication is jointly prepared by the World Trade Organization, the UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Trade Centre (ITC).

La publicación Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo 2024 ofrece información completa sobre las medidas arancelarias y no arancelarias impuestas por más de 170 países y territorios aduaneros. La publicación comienza con un desglose de los aranceles impuestos por esas economías. Los datos arancelarios se presentan en cuadros comparativos y en perfiles individuales de una página para cada economía. Se proporciona también un cuadro recapitulativo sobre determinados indicadores relativos a los perfiles de importación y de exportación para estas economías. Las estadísticas sobre las medidas no arancelarias por economía y por grupos de productos complementan los datos sobre los aranceles. El tema especial trata de los "Aranceles sobre los minerales esenciales en la cadena de valor de los vehículos eléctricos". La publicación ha sido elaborada conjuntamente por la Organización Mundial del Comercio, ONU Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) y el Centro de Comercio Internacional (ITC).

En el informe Perspectivas del comercio mundial y estadísticas, de la OMC, se analizan los acontecimientos comerciales más recientes a nivel mundial. Además, se proporcionan desgloses del comercio de mercancías y servicios comerciales porsectores y regiones, junto con detalles sobre los principales interlocutores comerciales. La publicación del informe coincide con la divulgación de las últimas estadísticas comerciales trimestrales y anuales de la OMC, que pueden descargarse de la base de datos en línea de la OMC en la dirección siguiente: stats.wto.org.

La publication « Perspectives et statistiques du commerce mondial » de l’OMC analyse l’évolution récente du commerce mondial. Elle contient des ventilations du commerce des marchandises et du commerce des services commerciaux par secteur et par région, ainsi que des renseignements détaillés sur les principales économies commerçantes. La publication du rapport coïncide avec celle des dernières statistiques commerciales trimestrielles et annuelles de l’OMC, qui peuvent être téléchargées à partir de la base de données en ligne de l’Organisation à l’adresse suivante : stats.wto.org.

The supplement concerning the 13th Ministerial Conference for the publication “WTO Ministerial Conferences, key outcomes”

Renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-derived commodities – such as ammonia, methanol and e-kerosene — are expected to play an important role in the transition to low-carbon energy because they are essential to decarbonize sectors such as heavy industry and transport. Jointly produced by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the WTO, this publication highlights the critical role of sound, coherent strategies in promoting the use of renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-derived commodities.

Natural energy sources, such as solar, wind and water, are abundant, but they are not evenly distributed worldwide. The transmission of power across borders can help address imbalances between electricity supply and demand from renewable sources, contributing to security of supply. Security of energy supply is a core concern for countries around the world, especially in the context of the transition to renewable energy, which lies at the heart of efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, only 2.8% of electricity generated is traded across borders. As the share of weather-dependent renewable power generation increases in the global energy mix, the World Meteorological Organization has a critical role to play in upgrading climate services to support decision-making in the energy sector. Trade also has a role to play to help balance power grids through interconnection with overland and undersea electricity cables. Such cables open up the possibility of bringing new suppliers with significant natural solar, wind and water endowments into energy trade. However, interconnection cables are complex and costly infrastructure, with projects taking 10-15 years to complete. This report discusses how to speed up interconnection projects. Actions identified include ensuring better access to sustainable trade finance and climate finance. Also important is improving the predictability and transparency of regulatory approval processes for these projects. WTO rules may also help to address bottlenecks in the supply chains of goods and services needed for grid and interconnection expansion. Trading renewable energy across borders could help economies meet their decarbonization commitments and reduce the overall cost of the global transition to low-carbon energy.

“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Sierra Leone.

“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Norway.

“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Australia.

This paper explores the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to automate Harmonized System (HS) tariff line transposition, employing a three-stage process: unique 1:1 tariff code matching (Round 1), exact description matching (Round 2), and “smart” description matching (Round 3) using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and lexical similarity methods paired with harmonized 6-digit concordance and cosine similarity. Similarity is calculated using either Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) vectors or Sentence-BERT (SBERT) embeddings, comparing two scenarios: a straightforward case (Economy A) with standardized descriptions, and a complex case (Economy B), with more detailed technical descriptions.

World Tariff Profiles 2025 provides comprehensive information on the tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by over 170 countries and customs territories. The publication starts with a breakdown of the tariffs imposed by these economies. Tariff data are presented in comparative tables and in one-page profiles for each economy. A summary table on selected indicators on the imports and exports profile for these economies is also presented. Statistics on non tariff measures by economy and by product group complement the data on tariffs. The special topic deals with “Global trade on most-favoured-nation terms”. The publication is jointly prepared by the World Trade Organization, the UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Trade Centre (ITC).

Can the flow of goods, services, and ideas build bridges where conflict once prevailed? If so, under whatcircumstances? The World Trade Organization (WTO) stands for a predictable, rules-based system based on the principle of non-discrimination. When the predecessor to the WTO – the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade – was established some 70 years ago, conflict among nations was at an historic low, following World War II. In the changed global political landscape of today, geopolitical tensions, disruptions to trade and increasing concerns about economic inequality have come to the fore, challenging the foundations of multilateral trade relationships, and trade cooperation more generally. Pathways to Sustainable Trade and Peace is the first WTO publication dedicated to an in-depth exploration of the complex relationship between trade and peace. The publication examines a number of critical questions. How do trade and peace interact? Can trade be leveraged to foster economic development and stability? What can governments and other stakeholders do to foster positive interaction between trade and peace? The volume focuses specifically but not exclusively on fragile and conflict-affected economies, including case studies and analyses from various policy angles.

The WTO’s “Global Trade Outlook and Statistics” presents the WTO Secretariat’s forecasts for world trade in 2025 and 2026. Breakdowns of merchandise and commercial services trade by sector and region are provided, together with details on leading traders. An analytical chapter looks at the limits of trade policy in influencing trade imbalances. The report is timed to coincide with the release of the WTO’s latest quarterly and annual trade statistics, which can be downloaded from the WTO’s online database at stats.wto.org.

Le rapport “Perspectives et statistiques du commerce mondial” de l’OMC présente les prévisions du Secrétariat de l’OMC concernant le commerce mondial pour 2025 et 2026. Il contient des ventilations du commerce des marchandises et du commerce des services commerciaux par secteur et par région, ainsi que des renseignements détaillés concernant les principaux pays importateurs et exportateurs. Un chapitre analytique examine les effets économiques de l’incertitude dans le domaine de la politique commerciale. La publication du rapport coïncide avec celle des dernières statistiques commerciales trimestrielles et annuelles de l’OMC, qui peuvent être téléchargées à partir de la base de données en ligne de l’Organisation à l’adresse suivante: stats.wto.org.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the integral role of international trade in responding to the global health crisis. All communities depended to some extent on trade for medical products, related services and vaccines. In particular, the pandemic accentuated the mutual benefit from the core principles of the multilateral trading system, especially the benefits of open and well-functioning international production and supply chains, and non-discriminatory measures. This publication looks into the WTO’s response to the pandemic in terms of four key areas: monitoring the flow of goods related to COVID-19, working towards a coordinated and effective international response to the pandemic, conducting policy and statistical analysis with other intergovernmental organizations, and analysing the lessons learned from the pandemic to shape a blueprint for future international cooperation. The publication examines how WTO members negotiated a framework to guide and consolidate the WTO’s response to the pandemic, to enhance the flow of practical knowledge, and to help render the multilateral trading system better prepared for future crises. Negotiations resulted in the Ministerial Declaration on the WTO Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Preparedness for Future Pandemics adopted at the 12th Ministerial Conference in June 2022. The importance of this work was confirmed in the Ministerial Declaration issued in March 2024 at MC13, which encouraged relevant WTO bodies to continue their work on reviewing the lessons learned from the pandemic and on building effective solutions in case of future pandemics.