A propos de l’OMC
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Ayuda para el Comercio
La financiación de la ayuda para el comercio mantuvo su tendencia al alza; las cifras más recientes de que se dispone -correspondientes a 2013- muestran un aumento de los compromisos de 1.800 millones de dólares EE.UU. en comparación con el año anterior. Del 30 de junio al 2 de julio tuvo lugar el Quinto Examen Global de la Ayuda para el Comercio, cuyo tema era: “Reducir los costos del comercio con miras a un crecimiento inclusivo y sostenible”. En diciembre, la Décima Conferencia Ministerial reconoció que la iniciativa de Ayuda para el Comercio impulsada por la OMC seguía siendo necesaria y que se debía dar prioridad a los PMA.
Actividades de divulgación para parlamentarios
En 2010, la Secretaría de la OMC siguió distribuyendo su boletín mensual a un número cada vez mayor de parlamentarios. También organizó dos talleres regionales para parlamentarios en cooperación con asociados regionales.
Aide pour le commerce
Le troisième Examen global de l'Aide pour le commerce (18-19 juillet 2011) a montré que l'assistance liée au commerce avait aidé à réduire la pauvreté en améliorant les résultats à l'exportation et l'emploi. En 2009, les engagements au titre de l'Aide pour le commerce se sont élevés à environ 40 milliards de dollars EU, soit une augmentation de 60 pour cent par rapport à la période de référence 2002-2005. Toutefois, l'examen a aussi montré qu'il était nécessaire de mesurer l'efficacité de l'Aide pour le commerce et de veiller à ce qu'elle soit toujours compatible avec les objectifs de développement durable.
Launching the Appellate Body
In terms of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), the creation of the Appellate Body can be considered a major departure from what had existed in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) before it was absorbed by the WTO. Certainly, the Uruguay Round yielded extremely significant changes from past practice, such as Article 23 forbidding the taking of unilateral action by any member of the WTO, or the provision on consensus, which eliminated the possibility that previously existed in the GATT whereby any contracting party could block any stage in the dispute settlement process. These two decisions transformed the system radically, resolving past uncertainties and ensuring an orderly and prompt adjudication of all cases submitted to panels and the Appellate Body.
WTO Members
Currently, the WTO has 164 Members. They are listed in the table below according to their designated full names as of the date of membership, or according to the names as subsequently submitted to the WTO Secretariat. In line with the practice of the WTO Secretariat, the remaining sections of this publication use the short names of Members as listed in the latest revision to document WT/INF/43/Rev.22, except in the titles of relevant accession protocols.
Technical cooperation and training
In 2011, the Institute for Training and Technical Cooperation (ITTC) strengthened its measures designed to improve both content and delivery of WTO technical assistance and training programmes, reinforced its capacity to interact with beneficiaries in all regions and bolstered its coordinating role for trade capacity building. The WTO undertook 267 technical assistance activities, with particular emphasis on Africa and least-developed countries (LDCs). A results-based management initiative was formally introduced covering the design, management and delivery of capacitybuilding programmes.
Cadre intégré renforcé pour les PMA
Le Cadre intégré renforcé (CIR) pour l'assistance liée au commerce en faveur des PM A est devenu effectivement opérationnel en 2009. À la fin de l'année, 47 PM A y participaient et le Fonds d'affectation spéciale pour le CIR s'élevait à 90 millions de dollars EU . L'ampleur du soutien dont bénéficie ce cadre est apparue de manière très nette lors de la réunion consacrée au CIR qu'a organisée le Directeur général en marge de la septième Conférence ministérielle de l'OMC en décembre 2009.
WTO Members
Currently, the WTO has 164 Members. They are listed in the table below according to their designated full names as of the date of membership, or according to the names as subsequently submitted to the WTO Secretariat. In line with the practice of the WTO Secretariat, the remaining sections of this publication use the short names of Members as listed in the latest revision to document WT/INF/43/Rev.22, except in the titles of relevant accession protocols.
Accession à l’OMC
Le Yémen a accédé à l’OMC en juin 2014, ce qui a porté à 160 le nombre de Membres de l’OMC. En décembre, le Conseil général a adopté les modalités d’accession des Seychelles, ouvrant ainsi la voie à l’entrée du pays dans l’OMC en avril 2015. Plusieurs autres pays candidats ont avancé dans leur processus d’accession. L’OMC a renforcé son programme d’assistance technique pour les gouvernements accédants.
Coopération avec les établissements universitaires
En 2012, la coopération avec les établissements universitaires a été axée sur trois activités principales: l’examen à mi-parcours du Programme des chaires de l’OMC (PCO), la réunion annuelle des parties prenantes du PCO et le parrainage des projets d’universités ne bénéficiant pas du PCO. Cinquante-quatre activités ont été menées à l’appui d’établissements universitaires de pays en développement et de pays moins avancés: conférences, parrainage de projets universitaires, séminaires régionaux et nationaux, participation à des conférences universitaires, visites d’étude à l’OMC et dons de publications de l’OMC à des universités.
Tour d’horizon
Le système commercial mondial traverse une période de transition. L’évolution de la conjoncture économique, les avancées technologiques de grande ampleur et l’émergence de nouveaux acteurs sur la scène mondiale sont autant d’éléments qui montrent que nous sommes à l’aube de profonds changements. Les déséquilibres persistants, dus dans une large mesure à des facteurs macro-économiques, restent un sujet de préoccupation dans certaines grandes économies. Dans un tel climat d’incertitude, les gouvernements Membres de l’OMC sont mis au défide consolider le système commercial mondial en le rendant plus équitable et plus utile pour les acteurs du commerce international au XXIe siècle. Cet objectif a été réaffirmé à la sixième Conférence ministérielle de l’OMC, tenue à Hong Kong à la fin de 2005. Il continue de guider les travaux de l’Organisation dans ses efforts pour mener à bien le Cycle de Doha.
Sixty years of the multilateral trading system: achievements and challenges
Earlier Sections in this Report have sought to understand why international cooperation in trade matters seems to make sense to governments and how such cooperation translates into institutions and rules. We will now focus on the main achievements of multilateral trade cooperation over the last six decades and explore some of the core challenges and issues that the system faces today. The Section begins with a brief historical journey from the birth of the GATT to the establishment of the WTO. Subsection 2 records the efforts of governments over the years to reduce tariffs and address non-tariff measures. It also discusses briefly what can be said about the relationship between the GATT/WTO’s role in reducing and consolidating tariffs and the growth of trade. Subsection 3 analyses the evolution of dispute settlement in the GATT/ WTO, focusing on how the system has developed and performed during the last six decades. The theme of subsection 4 is developing country participation in the multilateral trading system. The subsection focuses on how developing country issues have increasingly found their way onto the multilateral agenda and the systemic challenges posed by a heterogeneous membership with divergent needs, interests and priorities. Subsection 5 addresses the phenomenon of regionalism and how the multilateral trading system has attempted to address burgeoning regional and bilateral trade policy tendencies. Subsection 6 deals with two procedural issues that have far-reaching systemic implications and go to the heart of legitimacy questions confronting the WTO. The subjects at hand are decision-making processes in the WTO and the relationship between the WTO and the outside world – specifically, non-state actors. Finally, subsection 7 explores the complex question of what can be said about how the WTO agenda is shaped and whether there exists a meaningful sense in which limits may be set to subject areas for cooperation under the WTO.
Relations avec les organisations non gouvernementales
En 2015, les organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) ont eu de nombreuses occasions de faire connaître leurs vues sur les questions commerciales et elles ont été régulièrement informées des activités de l’OMC. Elles ont participé à plusieurs événements organisés à l’OMC, comme le Forum public, le cinquième Examen global de l’Aide pour le commerce et les célébrations du 20e anniversaire de l’Organisation, ainsi qu’à la dixième Conférence ministérielle qui s’est tenue à Nairobi. L’OMC a organisé des ateliers régionaux à l’intention des ONG et leur a communiqué régulièrement des informations sur les négociations commerciales et d’autres questions.
WTO dispute settlement: A brief reality check
The multilateral trading system has the function of regulating international cooperation in the ever-expanding area of trade. The system promotes freer trade and non-discrimination. Consequently, it must be underpinned by good and efficient disciplines as well as strong institutions.
The theory and practice of the multilateral trading system
The thought is the father to the deed, and the multilateral trading system could never have been built if it had not first been imagined. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is not the product of just one idea, however, or even one school of thought. It instead represents the confluence of, and sometimes the conflict between, three distinct areas of theory and practice. Law, economics and politics have each inspired and constrained the capacity of countries to work together for the creation and maintenance of a rules-based regime in which members with widely different levels of economic development and asymmetrical political power work together to reduce barriers to trade. It is therefore fitting to begin this history with a review of the intellectual prehistory of the WTO, as well as the contemporary debates surrounding each of these fields.
Introduction
On 19-21 September, the WTO hosted the 2011 Public Forum on “Seeking Answers to Global Trade Challenges” at its headquarters in Geneva. It provided an opportunity for relevant stakeholders to identify the principal challenges for the multilateral trading system and suggest solutions for the WTO to respond to our fast-changing world.
Cooperación con otras organizaciones internacionales
En 2013, la OMC cooperó con varias organizaciones intergubernamentales, como las Naciones Unidas, la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) y el Banco Mundial. La OMC publicó, con la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) y la OCDE, informes conjuntos sobre la evolución del comercio y la inversión en los países del G-20.
Negotiating for Hong Kong
Hong Kong’s overall approach to the TRIPS negotiations was made clear to the other participants from an early stage: Hong Kong held itself out as the exemplar of free trade, with a mature, respected legal system, providing comprehensive protection across the range of IP to right holders.
Foreword by the director-general
In 2011, the WTO Public Forum demonstrated, once again, its significance as a forum to deepen public dialogue on current global trade governance issues and challenges.
The first ten years of the wto
This book was commissioned by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a factual account of the first decade of its existence. It aims to cover the principal activities of the WTO as the successor to GATT and the steps taken to establish a global trading system.
Legal Counsel to the Administration
The WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which preceded it are known for their strong tradition of pragmatism and results-oriented management. These are concepts that trade diplomats do not automatically associate with law and lawyers. As a matter of fact, there are few domains where lawyers have traditionally been less welcome than in the housekeeping of the WTO. This is why, in order to promote the rule of law in the management of the Secretariat, the Legal Adviser to the WTO Administration has had to avoid talking, acting and even thinking like a lawyer.
Comercio y medio ambiente
En 2013, el Comité de Comercio y Medio Ambiente recibió y examinó información sobre la evolución de distintos aspectos de la política ambiental, desde los sistemas de cálculo de la huella ambiental y de etiquetado, con inclusión de la huella de carbono, hasta las iniciativas de política en favor de una economía verde y los acuerdos multilaterales sobre el medio ambiente que contienen disposiciones relacionadas con el comercio. La Secretaría de la OMC publicó las Bases de Datos sobre Medio Ambiente de 2010 y 2011, y actualizó la “Matriz de las medidas relacionadas con el comercio adoptadas en el marco de determinados Acuerdos Multilaterales sobre el Medio Ambiente”.
Trade and development
In 2011, the Committee on Trade and Development (CTD) agreed a number of ways to implement transparency requirements for preferential trade agreements (PTAs), under which three notifications of new PTAs were received. Other issues discussed by the CTD and its Sub-Committee on Least-Developed Countries (LDCs) included capacitybuilding initiatives, market access for LDCs, the Aid for Trade initiative and the WTO’s technical assistance activities.
Public Forum 2016
The 2016 Public Forum – the WTO’s major event for public engagement – focused on how trade can be made more inclusive so that the benefits of trade are spread more widely. Participants looked at how the WTO could help small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) gain better access to the global market, and shared ideas on the role of new technologies, digital innovation and e-commerce. The Forum also discussed how women can participate more fully in international trade and better reap the benefits of global trade. The WTO’s World Trade Report and three other publications were launched during the three-day meeting.
Secretaría y presupuesto
La Secretaría de la OMC cuenta con una plantilla de 627 funcionarios, que representan a 69 nacionalidades. Las obras de renovación y ampliación comenzaron a mediados de 2008, y se espera que concluyan antes del final de 2012. La OMC obtiene la mayoría de los ingresos para su presupuesto anual, que en 2008 ascendió a FS 189.257.600, de las contribuciones señaladas a sus 153 Miembros.
Appellate Body
Three appeals of panel reports were filed with the Appellate Body in 2009, out of a total of five reports that could have been appealed. One of these appeals related to original panel proceedings. Two appeals related to panel proceedings under Article 21.5 (Surveillance of Implementation of Recommendations and Rulings) of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), involving cases where the parties disagreed whether the panel’s original ruling had been properly implemented.
Doha Development Agenda
At the WTO’s Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001, WTO members agreed to launch a new round of trade negotiations. They also agreed to work on other issues, in particular the implementation of the current WTO agreements. The entire package is called the Doha Development Agenda. The negotiations take place in the Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) and its subsidiaries, which are regular councils and committees meeting in special session or specially created negotiating bodies. The negotiating bodies report to the TNC, which supervises the overall conduct of their work.
Relaciones con las organizaciones no gubernamentales
En 2016, las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) recibieron periódicamente información actualizada sobre las actividades de la OMC, incluida información sobre las negociaciones comerciales y otras cuestiones. Intervinieron activamente en el Foro Público, la principal actividad de proyección exterior en la que participan ONG.
Contact with the media
Some 350 journalists attended the Tenth Ministerial Conference, including 12 journalists from least-developed countries (LDCs) whose attendance was supported by the WTO. The WTO held several training activities for journalists, including seminars in Geneva, and WTO press officers participated in a number of national and regional outreach activities. The number of WTO press briefings and press conferences rose to 53, compared with 42 the previous year, reflecting media interest in the WTO’s 20th anniversary and the run-up to the Ministerial Conference in Nairobi.
A brief history
The WTO began life on 1 January 1995, succeeding the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which had regulated world trade since 1948. Over the past 20 years, the WTO has made a major contribution to the strength and stability of the global economy, helping to boost trade growth, resolve numerous trade disputes and support the integration of developing countries into the trading system.
Trade negotiations: Government Procurement Agreement
On 3 December 2013, ministers of the parties to the WTO’s Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), meeting in Bali during the WTO’s Ninth Ministerial Conference, expressed satisfaction at the progress achieved towards bringing into force the revised GPA. Following ratification by 10 of the parties, the agreement finally came into force on 6 April 2014.
Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS)
The TRIPS Council carried out its regular work on promoting transparency and reviewing WTO members’ implementation of the TRIPS Agreement. It gave least-developed country (LDC) members another eight years to comply with the Agreement. The Council continued discussions on access to medicines for the poorest countries, biotechnology and technical cooperation, among other topics. The Council also exchanged information on, and debated, a number of issues raised by individual countries, such as innovation policies for small and medium-sized enterprises, climate change and, for the first time, sports.
Developments in trade policy, 1998-99
Two years ago the “Asian financial crisis” erupted in Thailand, spread rapidly to other countries in the region, and affected general investor sentiment in those and other developing countries and transition economies, notably Russia in mid-1998 and later Brazil. Output and employment contracted sharply in the countries most directly affected, in turn adversely affecting trade of their partners and, together with steep commodity price declines, trade of many other developing countries. In the past, such events could have been invoked as a justification for raising import barriers, in an attempt to contain the domestic consequences and shift the burden onto trading partners, possibly provoking countermeasures, and thereby exacerbating the downturn. However, this very serious crisis unfolded in the framework of the WTO, the strengthened multilateral trading system created by the Uruguay Round Agreements. The system, and the good sense of governments, helped to keep markets open, facilitating adjustment and providing a critical element for recovery from the Asian crisis.
Conferencia Ministerial de Nairobi
En la Décima Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC, celebrada en Nairobi del 15 al 19 de diciembre de 2015, se adoptaron varias decisiones sobre la agricultura, el algodón y las cuestiones relacionadas con los países menos adelantados. Esas decisiones incluyen un compromiso de eliminar las subvenciones a la exportación de productos agropecuarios, que el Director General, Roberto Azevêdo, aclamó como el “resultado más relevante en el ámbito de la agricultura” en los 20 años de historia de la Organización. En la Declaración de Nairobi, los Ministros reconocieron que los Miembros de la OMC “tienen opiniones diferentes” sobre la forma de abordar el futuro de las negociaciones de la Ronda de Doha. En la Conferencia también se aprobó la adhesión de Liberia y el Afganistán y se concluyó un acuerdo histórico sobre tecnología de la información.
Entender la OMC
La Organización Mundial del Comercio puede verse desde distintas perspectivas. Es una Organización para la apertura del comercio. Es un foro para que los gobiernos negocien acuerdos comerciales. Es un lugar en el que pueden resolver sus diferencias comerciales. Aplica un sistema de normas comerciales. Ayuda a los países en desarrollo a crear capacidad comercial. Fundamentalmente, la OMC es un lugar al que los gobiernos Miembros acuden para tratar de resolver los problemas comerciales que tienen unos con otros.
Comment l’OMC est structurée
Lorgane de décision suprême de lOMC est la Conférence ministérielle, qui se réunit généralement tous les deux ans.
Audit interne
En 2010, le BAI a publié deux rapports, l'un sur les activités liées aux états de paie de l'OMC , concernant l'intégrité des données, les contrôles en place et les mécanismes de responsabilité, et l'autre sur les activités d'appui administratif et logistique de l'Institut de formation et de coopération technique (IFCT).
Aplicación y vigilancia
Los consejos y comités de la OMC siguieron vigilando la aplicación de los Acuerdos de la OMC y examinando si los Miembros de la Organización respetaban sus prescripciones. También proporcionaron un foro para el debate sobre varias cuestiones, desde el comercio y el cambio climático hasta la crisis de los precios de los productos alimenticios. En 2008 se efectuaron los exámenes de las políticas comerciales de 17 Miembros de la OMC.
Resolving disputes
Over the past 20 years, nearly 500 disputes have been brought to the WTO. About half of these were resolved during bilateral discussions while the other half proceeded to a panel process, which in recent years generally takes about 14 months. Appeals are considered by the WTO’s Appellate Body and – excluding exceptionally busy periods – are completed within three months. This makes the WTO’s dispute system one of the fastest in the world.
Commerce, dette et finances
En 2012, la communauté internationale s’intéressant beaucoup à la question du commerce et des finances, il y a eu des progrès dans ce domaine. Par exemple, le Groupe de travail du commerce, de la dette et des finances de l’OMC a poursuivi l’examen de la relation entre les taux de change et le commerce en organisant au mois de mars un séminaire qui a réuni des responsables politiques et des universitaires.
Undécima Conferencia Ministerial (CM11)
La Undécima Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC se celebró en Buenos Aires (Argentina) del 10 al 13 de diciembre de 2017 y estuvo presidida por la Sra. Susana Malcorra (Argentina).
Joining the WTO
Seychelles and Kazakhstan became the 161st and 162nd members of the WTO in 2015. In December, the Tenth Ministerial Conference approved the WTO membership packages of Liberia and Afghanistan, which will become members once they have ratified their entry accords. These new accessions bring the WTO closer to its target of achieving universality, with the current membership representing 98 per cent of world trade.
Contact with the public
The WTO makes use of various channels of communication, such as the WTO website and social media, to engage with the public. The website received just over 20 million visits in 2016 while our social media channels attracted increasing numbers of followers. Video clips on the WTO website were watched over 200,000 times on average each month. Over 70 WTO publications were produced, with five book launches held at the WTO during the year. The WTO welcomed 208 visiting groups in 2016.
Prix du meilleur article décerné par l'OMC à de jeunes économistes
Le Prix 2011 du meilleur article décerné par l'OMC à de jeunes économistes a été décerné ex aequo à un Brésilien et à un Américain. Les économistes Rafael Dix Carneiro, ressortissant brésilien installé aux États Unis, et Kyle Handley ont été distingués par le jury universitaire pour leurs articles sur le commerce et le marché du travail et sur l'incertitude des politiques commerciales. Ils ont partagé le montant du prix.
WTO Secretariat
The WTO Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland. It has 634 staff on the regular budget and is headed by Director-General Roberto Azevêdo, who took office for a four-year term on 1 September 2013. The four Deputy Directors-General began their terms of office on 1 October 2013. They are Yonov Frederick Agah of Nigeria, Karl Brauner of Germany, David Shark of the United States and Xiaozhun Yi of China. The Secretariat has no decision-making powers; all decisions in the WTO are taken by members.
Improving transparency – strengthening monitoring, surveillance and consultation
The past 20 years have shown that transparency is an indispensable element of the multilateral trading system. Enhanced surveillance and regular monitoring of trade policies and practices have significantly contributed to global efforts at countering the potential threat of protectionist pressures and at ensuring compliance with trade commitments. Transparency requirements – and the knowledge that WTO members stand on watchful guard – create a powerful incentive for members to abide by their commitments. This increases the level of confidence in the system. Moreover, the institutionalization of domestic transparency in trade policy-making enhances government accountability and public understanding, and reduces the scope for discretionary use of trade policy measures.
Commerce et transfert de technologie
Le Groupe de travail du commerce et du transfert de technologie a continué à analyser la relation entre le commerce et le transfert de technologie. Le Taipei chinois a présenté aux Membres son expérience en matière d’innovation et de transfert de technologie. Les Membres de l’OMC ont en outre poursuivi l’examen d’une communication présentée par l’Inde, le Pakistan et les Philippines traitant de la facilitation de l’accès à l’information sur les sources de technologies appropriées.
Introduction
La présente brochure, préparée par la Division du commerce et de l’environnement de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), vise à améliorer la compréhension du rôle du commerce et des règles commerciales s’agissant des questions environnementales. L’objectif est de répondre, dans des termes simples, à certaines des grandes questions du débat sur le commerce et l’environnement qui ont trait au système commercial multilatéral. Ainsi, il ne s’agit pas de réaliser une analyse exhaustive des questions visées, mais plutôt d’essayer de fournir des renseignements fondamentaux et des exemples pour répondre à certaines questions fréquemment soulevées concernant le commerce et l’environnement.
Algunos hitos históricos
La OMC nació el 1º de enero de 1995, pero su sistema de comercio tiene ya medio siglo de existencia. Desde 1948, éste se rigió por las normas del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT). El GATT se centraba principalmente en el comercio de mercancías, pero la OMC y sus Acuerdos abarcan también el comercio de servicios, así como las invenciones, creaciones y dibujos y modelos que son objeto de transacciones comerciales (propiedad intelectual).
Programa de Doha para el Desarrollo
En la Cuarta Conferencia Ministerial, celebrada en Doha (Qatar) en noviembre de 2001, los gobiernos de los países Miembros de la OMC acordaron iniciar nuevas negociaciones comerciales. Convinieron asimismo en ocuparse de otras cuestiones, en particular la aplicación de los Acuerdos de la OMC existentes. El conjunto se denomina Programa de Doha para el Desarrollo (PDD) o Ronda de Doha. Las negociaciones tienen lugar en el Comité de Negociaciones Comerciales (CNC) y sus órganos subsidiarios, que suelen ser consejos y comités ordinarios que se reúnen en “sesión extraordinaria” o grupos de negociación especialmente creados al efecto. Los Presidentes de los nueve órganos de negociación rinden informe al CNC, presidido por el Director General de la OMC, que coordina sus trabajos.
Contacts avec le public
Le site Web de l’OMC a attiré un nombre croissant de visiteurs, et le nombre de pages consultées a augmenté de 5 % en 2014. L’OMC est de plus en plus suivie sur les réseaux sociaux, Facebook et Twitter, et le nombre d’abonnés à sa chaîne YouTube ne cesse d’augmenter. En moyenne, 222 000 vidéos sont vues chaque mois. L’OMC a accueilli 216 groupes de visiteurs. Elle a produit plus de 70 publications, notamment, pour la première fois, une application permettant de consulter sur tablette le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2014.
Introduction
The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) entered into force with the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1 January 1995. It aims to ensure that product requirements in regulations and standards (on safety, quality, health, etc.), as well as procedures for assessing product compliance with such requirements (testing, inspection, accreditation, etc.), are not unjustifiably discriminatory and/or do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade.
Budget, finances et administration
Le Secrétariat de l’OMC a régulièrement informé les Membres au sujet de l’examen organisationnel en cours à l’OMC. Le Comité du budget, des finances et de l’administration a présenté cinq rapports au Conseil général en 2014. Il a examiné les rapports sur la situation financière et budgétaire de l’Organisation, les arriérés de contributions des Membres et observateurs, le Régime des pensions de l’OMC et le financement du projet de bâtiment. Le Comité a examiné le rapport annuel sur la diversité au Secrétariat de l’OMC, le rapport annuel sur la structure de classes et les promotions et le rapport annuel du Bureau de l’audit interne.
Budget, finance and administration
In 2009 the Committee on Budget, Finance and Administration recommended approval of the proposed budget for the biennium 2010–11 and discussed issues relating to the renovation of the WTO headquarters building and the construction of a new adjoining building.
Since WTO rules do not prevent environmental action, what do they say?
When it comes to the environment, the basic thrust of WTO rules is that environmental objectives should not be used as an excuse to protect domestic producers.
Technical cooperation and training
In 2010 the Institute for Training and Technical Cooperation (ITTC) continued to put in place measures designed to improve further both content and delivery of WTO technical assistance and training programmes, reinforce its capacity to interact with beneficiaries in all regions and bolster its coordinating role for trade capacity building activities in its field of competence and responsibility. The ITTC ’s role is to help WTO members gain a better understanding of their rights and obligations within the multilateral trading system, and to strengthen countries’ institutional capacities to deal with the challenges emerging from it.
Patents
This chapter explains the provisions of Section 5 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement entitled ‘Patents’. Section 5, which contains eight articles, from Article 27 to Article 34, sets out the obligations of members with respect to standards concerning the availability, scope and use of patents. Starting with a general explanation of terms, this chapter goes on to explain each specific provision in this Section of the TRIPS Agreement.
“Made in the World”
In 2012, the WTO and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) developed a database on bilateral trade flows measured in value-added terms rather than the traditional customs value. The "Made in the World" Initiative and its implications for trade and development policies was also the subject of several international seminars. At its Puerto Vallarta meeting in March 2012, the G20 highlighted the importance of understanding the role of global value chains in international trade and their implications for the world economy.
Trade in goods
The WTO’s Council for Trade in Goods is increasingly becoming a forum for airing trade concerns and at the Council’s four meetings in 2013, members raised a range of such concerns, some of which are the subject of consultations under the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding. The Council also approved a number of waiver requests, individual and collective, such as the extension of the waiver for the application of autonomous preferential treatment for Moldova and the on-going harmonization of tariff schedules.
Not in clinical isolation
The notion that some trade advocates might think WTO law should not be seen as a part of public international law had never occurred to me until one sunny day in the Swiss village of Grand-Saconnex in early 1996.
Appellate Body
Nine appeals of panel reports were filed with the Appellate Body in 2011, up from three in 2010, out of a total of 11 panel reports for which the 60-day deadline for adoption or appeal expired during the year. All nine appeals related to original panel proceedings. There were no appeals relating to compliance with earlier rulings and recommendations. In December, two new members were appointed to the Appellate Body.
Coopération avec d’autres organisations internationales
En 2012, l’OMC a participé à la Conférence Rio+20 et à la treizième session de la CNUCED. Elle a poursuivi sa coopération avec diverses organisations intergouvernementales, dont l’Organisation des Nations Unies, l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE), le Fonds monétaire international (FMI) et la Banque mondiale. L’OMC a publié des rapports sur l’évolution du commerce et de l’investissement dans les pays du Groupe des 20 (G-20), en collaboration avec la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED) et l’OCDE.
Activités en matière de règlement des différends en 2009
En 2009, le nombre total de différends soumis à l'Organe de règlement des différends (ORD) depuis la création de l'OMC en 1995 a dépassé les 400. Au cours de l'année, l'ORD a reçu 14 notifications de Membres de l'OMC demandant formellement l'ouverture de consultations au titre du Mémorandum d'accord sur le règlement des différends (Mémorandum d'accord). Il s'est réuni 16 fois et a établi dix groupes spéciaux pour statuer sur 13 nouvelles affaires (lorsque plusieurs plaintes portent sur la même question, elles sont examinées par un seul groupe spécial).
Acuerdos comerciales regionales
En 2009, la OMC recibió 37 nuevas notificaciones sobre ACR (que incluyen acuerdos bilaterales e interregionales de libre comercio); se trata de la cifra más alta de notificaciones de ACR en un solo año desde el establecimiento de la OMC en 1995. De los 457 ACR notificados a la OMC al 31 de diciembre de 2009, estaban en vigor 266 (véase el gráfico 8).
Preface
At the heart of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is a set of rules that regulate trade between nations: a body of agreements which have been negotiated and signed by governments of most of the world’s trading nations, with the aim of promoting transparency, predictability and nondiscrimination in trading relations. These agreements, covering trade in goods, trade in services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, help to define and inform the multiple roles of the WTO as an international, intergovernmental organization, in administering the provisions of these agreements, providing a forum for trade negotiations, handling trade disputes, monitoring national trade policies, providing technical assistance and capacity building for developing countries, and cooperating with other international organizations. Understanding these agreements and their practical, policy and legal contexts therefore provides significant insights into the WTO as an institution, its activities and international role, its partnerships with other organizations, and the way in which WTO member governments identify and pursue their national interests through this intergovernmental forum.
Strengthening outreach – towards enhanced engagement
The growing global prominence of the WTO – especially compared to the largely unknown GATT – and the increasing public scrutiny of its work, represented one of the major challenges facing the organization over the past 20 years. Almost from the start, the WTO was subject to criticism from an anti-globalization movement deeply suspicious of the new trade body. Protests marred the WTO's May 1998 Ministerial Conference in Geneva and peaked in December 1999 with massive demonstrations at a ministerial meeting in Seattle. The ferocity of the protests, which brought tens of thousands onto the streets of the US city, severely disrupted the ministerial proceedings and came as a shock to both the organization and its supporters. The "Battle of Seattle" soon became a rallying cry for critics of the WTO, who accused the organization of being excessively secretive and insensitive to the needs of the world's poorest and most vulnerable people.
Tour d’horizon
Pour l’OMC, l’année 2001 a surtout été l’année de la Conférence ministérielle de Doha, qui a marqué un tournant dans l’histoire de l’OMC et dans les relations entre les pays développés et les pays en développement. Compte tenu des événements tragiques du 11 septembre et de leurs répercussions, le simple fait que la Conférence ministérielle ait pu se tenir à Doha, au Qatar, en novembre doit être considéré comme un succès. Qui plus est, le fait que les Ministres soient parvenus à un accord sur le lancement d’un nouveau cycle de négociations commerciales confirme l’importance que revêt la promotion du commerce et du développement pour l’économie mondiale. Cela a aussi mis fin à l’incertitude que l’échec décevant de Seattle avait fait naître deux ans auparavant. C’est également l’année dernière que nous avons achevé les processus d’accession de la Chine, du Taipei chinois, de la Lituanie et de la Moldova à l’OMC, accueillant ainsi parmi nos Membres plus d’un quart de la population mondiale.
Technical cooperation and training
The design and delivery of technical assistance and training underwent a period of transition in 2009. A new strategy and vision were developed, reflected partly in the implementation of activities in 2009 but spelled out in more detail in the Technical Assistance Plan for 2010–11 prepared during the year. In line with the demand-driven nature of the WTO’s trade-related technical assistance programmes, this plan builds on lessons learned from implementing the first biennial plan (2008–09), and introduces changes designed to improve content and delivery.
Entender la OMC
La Organización Mundial del Comercio puede verse desde distintas perspectivas. Es una Organización para la apertura del comercio. Es un foro para que los gobiernos negocien acuerdos comerciales. Es un lugar en el que pueden resolver sus diferencias comerciales. Aplica un sistema de normas comerciales. Fundamentalmente, la OMC es un lugar al que los gobiernos Miembros acuden para tratar de resolver los problemas comerciales que tienen unos con otros.
World policy development in 1999
Notwithstanding the outcome of the WTO’s Third Ministerial Conference in Seattle, the state of the world trading environment remained generally sound in 1999. There have been no major trade policy reversals during the year, and there is no evidence of a resort to protectionist policies. On the contrary, a number of countries have undertaken concrete measures to further liberalize their economic and trade regimes. Autonomous and regional initiatives during the year have provided additional impetus to trade liberalization and further integration of the world economy. At the multilateral level, much of the effort focused on preparations for the Third Ministerial Conference, including the possible launching of a new round of multilateral trade negotiations. Although the latter did not materialize, much progress was achieved in narrowing the gaps in some major areas. At the same time, the WTO has proceeded with its core agenda of trade liberalization.
Économie et économie politique de la coopération commerciale internationale
L’essor et le déclin du libre-échange au XIXe siècle et leurs conséquences économiques et politiques ont toujours intrigué les historiens et les économistes. Pendant la période difficile qui a suivi la Première Guerre mondiale, alors qu’il fallait rétablir les relations commerciales internationales, la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, marquée par le libre-échange entre les pays européens était considérée comme un âge d’or. En effet, le développement économique général, stimulé par l’industrialisation et le progrès technique, s’accompagnait alors d’une expansion du commerce favorisée par l’existence de nombreux traités commerciaux bilatéraux, dont le premier était le traité anglo-français (Cobden-Chevalier) de 1860, suivi par toute une série de traités entre pays européens. Les réductions tarifaires réciproques convenues bilatéralement et l’application inconditionnelle de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée (NPF) prévue dans ces traités ont conduit à des niveaux tarifaires historiquement bas, en particulier pour les produits agricoles. Le commerce entre pays européens est resté pratiquement sans entraves pendant près de deux décennies, jusqu’en 1879, après quoi les échanges se sont progressivement détériorés pour disparaître avec la Première Guerre mondiale.
Overview
Last year’s Annual Report was written when the Asian financial crisis was only a year old. There was still considerable concern then about the risk of contagion and deep recession. A year later, the situation is more healthy, although only the complacent would contest the need for policy vigilance. Important challenges remain, and recovery is far from complete. Global GDP growth decelerated sharply from the record expansion in the previous year while trade volume growth was more than halved. For parts of Asia a contraction in output growth also meant that import volume growth turned negative. The economic performance of other regions helped to maintain global output growth at around 2.0 per cent and world export growth at about 4 per cent in 1998. The United States continued a remarkable period of expansion, contributing significantly to the global figure. The European Union grew less, but above the global average.
Trade facilitation in the Arab region
This chapter aims to assess the progress of trade facilitation in the Arab region, and subsequently tests the effect of trade facilitation on bilateral trade flows within this region. The findings support the fact that the performance of Arab countries’ logistics systems in general is still weak and needs to be improved, as indicated by the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI). Vast divergence and discrepancies among Arab countries can be observed because of differences in income levels and geopolitical conditions. Hence, while some Arab countries try to develop logistics activities to take advantage of opportunities, seeking to establish regional logistics platforms, others are not only ranked among the lowest on the overall index, but are also near the bottom of the list for the different components of the LPI. The estimations presented here suggest that trade facilitation has positive impacts on intra-regional trade but that its scope is rather limited. Indeed, an improvement in trade facilitation (LPI score) of the exporting country by 1 per cent increases trade flows by 0.7 per cent. This impact could be higher and reach more than 2 per cent when sensitivity analysis is included. An improvement in trade facilitation (LPI score) of the importing country by 1 per cent boosts trade flows by 0.66 per cent. The results of this chapter show that there are slight gains in trade to be made from improving trade facilitation in Arab countries. Despite the fact that the overall LPI score is significant for both exporting and importing countries, the magnitude of that significance is relatively small compared with previous research findings regarding the same measures in other regions. However, the study suggests that trade facilitation could have a greater impact on trade among Arab countries and with other regions and underlines the importance of developing transport and physical infrastructure to enhance regional integration and trade cooperation.
Examens des politiques commerciales
En 2013, l’Organe d’examen des politiques commerciales a procédé à la cinquième évaluation du Mécanisme d’examen des politiques commerciales et a tenu 15 réunions pour examiner les politiques et pratiques commerciales de 20 Membres. Examens des politiques commerciales www.wto.org/mepc_f
Sans titre
En 2013, l’Organe d’appel a distribué des rapports dans deux différends, qui concernaient des mesures du Canada dans le secteur de l’énergie renouvelable. Plus tôt dans l’année, le Canada avait fait appel des constatations figurant dans les rapports des Groupes spéciaux sur les deux affaires. Une procédure d’arbitrage concernant le délai raisonnable pour la mise en oeuvre des recommandations et décisions de l’Organe de règlement des différends a été menée en 2013. Deux membres de l’Organe d’appel, M. Ricardo Ramírez-Hernández et M. Peter Van den Bossche, ont achevé leur premier mandat et ont été reconduits dans leurs fonctions. M. David Unterhalter a achevé son second et dernier mandat. Un nouveau membre de l’Organe d’appel sera désigné en 2014.
Dispute settlement activity in 2012
There was a sharp increase in dispute settlement activity in 2012 with both developed and developing countries active in bringing disputes to the WTO for resolution. Some WTO members, including Russia, participated for the first time. Disputes covered a wide variety of areas, including some that are less often adjudicated, such as issues under the General Agreement on Trade in Services. The European Union and Latin American countries formally settled the long-running banana disputes. Efforts to achieve efficiencies in dispute settlement processes continued. Finally, the legal affairs division celebrated an important anniversary.
Commerce et développement
En 2010, le Comité du commerce et du développement (CCD) a achevé les négociations sur un mécanisme pour la transparence des accords commerciaux préférentiels, qui a ensuite été adopté par le Conseil général. Parmi les autres questions examinées par le CCD et son Sous-Comité des pays les moins avancés (PMA) figuraient les activités de renforcement des capacités, l'accès aux marchés pour les PMA , l'initiative Aide pour le commerce et les activités d'assistance technique de l'OMC.

