China
Trade Policy Review: China 2010
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of China.
Trade Policy Review: China 2008
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of China.
Trade Policy Review: China 2016
“Trade Policy Reviews" analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - "key trade facts" - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of China.
Trade Policy Review: China 2014
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of China.
Trade Policy Review: China 2012
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of China.
Trade Policy Review: China 2018
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of China.
Trade Policy Review: China 2021
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section – “key trade facts” – provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of China.
Trade Policy Review: China 2024
The ninth review of the trade policies and practices of China takes place on 17 and 19 July 2024. The basis for the review is a report by the WTO Secretariat and a report by the Government of China.
Concluding Remarks by the Chairperson of The Trade Policy Review Body, H.E. Mr. Eduardo Muñoz Gómez at The Trade Policy Review of China 12 and 14 June 2012
This fourth Trade Policy Review (TPR) of China has provided Members an opportunity to conduct a collective appreciation and evaluation of the full range of China’s trade policies and practices and their impact on the functioning of the multilateral trading system. I wish to thank the Chinese delegation, headed by H.E. Mr. Yu Jianhua, Assistant Minister in the Ministry of Commerce, for their active participation and H.E. Ambassador Steffen Smidt of Denmark for his valuable contribution as the discussant. The keen interest shown by Members in this Review, as reflected in the large number of statements made and of advance written questions posed, testifies to the important role played by China in international trade and in the WTO. The TPRB appreciates China’s responses to the questions it received, and looks forward to receiving any outstanding answers within a month.
El desarrollo del comercio electrónico en China y la importancia de las políticas
El valor en dólares de las transacciones de comercio electrónico en China ha aumentado enormemente durante los 20 últimos años, con el apoyo de una mejora de la infraestructura, el rápido crecimiento de la telefonía móvil y una mayor financiación. El mercado también se caracteriza por una mayor diversidad, ejemplo de la cual son el crecimiento de los servicios médicos electrónicos, la expansión del comercio electrónico transfronterizo y el aumento de las transacciones en línea/fuera de línea. El Gobierno nacional de China ha desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo del comercio electrónico mediante las políticas elaboradas en los planes quinquenales, mientras que los Gobiernos regionales también han participado en la planificación y el ajuste del marco de políticas de comercio electrónico teniendo en cuenta las condiciones locales. *
Integrating small and medium-sized enterprises into global trade flows: The case of China
In China, the term “small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)” refers to “different forms of enterprises under different ownerships that are established within the territory of the People’s Republic of China that meet the social needs and create more job opportunities, and comply with the industrial policies of the State”. This definition is rather more complex than that in other countries, where the definition of SMEs tends to be based purely on their size. It is nevertheless the case that, in China also, SMEs tend to be enterprises which have fewer employers, lower sales volume and lower gross assets. Most Chinese enterprises are SMEs. Indeed, they account for more than 98 per cent of industry and contribute to 60 per cent of China’s GDP, 75 per cent of its industrial value-added output and 50 per cent of its revenue (as of June, 2012). Chinese SMEs also provide for 75 per cent of China’s urban employment opportunities and absorb more than 50 per cent of the workers laid off from the state-owned enterprises. They employ more than 70 per cent of the new entrants to the labour market (Jianjun, 2006). Hence, Chinese SMEs play an important role in China’s economic development, due to their contribution to GDP and the employment they create, as well as their vigorous creative ability.
Report by China
With decades of hard work, on the 40th anniversary of China’s adoption of the reform and opening up policy, China has reached a new historic juncture in its development, and socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. Following the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China will remain committed to the new vision of development and building a new system of an open economy, continue to push forward liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and make new ground in pursuing opening up on all fronts.
Concluding Remarks by the Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body, Ms. Irene Young of Hong Kong, China at the Trade Policy Review of Japan, 8 and 10 March 2017
The thirteenth Trade Policy Review of Japan has been a good opportunity for Members to discuss recent developments in the country’s economic, trade and investment policies and their implications for international trade. Such a fruitful dialogue would not have been possible without the constructive engagement of the Japanese delegation led by Mr. Tomochika Uyama; their team in Geneva headed by Ambassador Junichi Ihara; our discussant, H.E. Ambassador Julian Braithwaite from the United Kingdom; and all those Members who had participated in this exercise.
Preface
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Report by the WTO Secretariat
China enjoyed strong economic growth in 2010 and 2011, boosted by a ¥4 trillion fiscal stimulus package implemented in 2008-10. Growth was also helped by the recovery of world trade, but China’s exports recovered less rapidly than its imports and its merchandise trade surplus continued to fall, reaching 4.3% of GDP in 2010 from levels of 9% and above before 2008. Nominal GDP per capita increased in 2011 to the equivalent of US$5,400.
Telecommunications reform in China: Fostering competition through state intervention
As in many developing countries, the telecommunications services sector in China has for a long time been monopolized by the state through the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication (MPT). Established in 1949, the MPT is not only the regulator of telecommunications services, but also the sole owner and operator. Not surprisingly, such monopoly has resulted in the slow growth of the sector. However, such slow growth did not cause major problems in the first thirty years following the founding of the People’s Republic of China because there was little mobility among the population, thus little need for long-distance communication. During this period, the telephone was an exclusive luxury available mostly to the government and the military.
China’s e-commerce development and policy relevance
The dollar value of e-commerce transactions in China has increased enormously over the past 20 years, supported by improved infrastructure, the rapid growth of mobile telephony and increased financing. The market also is characterized by increasing diversity, for example, the growth of e-medical services, the expansion of cross-border e-commerce and the development of online-offline transactions. China’s national government has played an important role in the development of e-commerce through policies elaborated in five-year plans, while regional governments also have participated in planning and adjusting the e-commerce policy framework in light of local conditions.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Preface
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Concluding Remarks by the Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body, Ms. Irene Young of Hong Kong, China at the Trade Policy Review of Mexico, 5 and 7 April 2017
This Trade Policy Review has provided an opportunity for Members to better understand Mexico’s trade and investment policies. I would like to thank the Mexican delegation led by Mr Juan Carlos Baker, Under-Secretary of Foreign Trade in the Ministry of the Economy; the Discussant, H.E. Ambassador Gustavo Vanerio, Permanent Representative of Uruguay to the WTO; and all the Members who have participated in this exercise, for your invaluable contributions.
Technological progress, diffusion, and opportunities for developing countries: lessons from China
The nature of technology used in products plays a major role in determining the governance structure of value chains and the benefits of participation for developing countries. Standardization through breaking production into modules with a high degree of functional autonomy (limited mutual interference between modules) can dramatically reduce the amount of research and development (R&D), learning by doing, and the number of complementary skills needed to produce a good. This greatly increases opportunities for developing country firms to participate in formerly capital-intensive industries through reducing entry costs into global value chains. However, widespread access to standardized products with little ability to modify technical features can lead to an excessive supply of homogeneous products in a local market, resulting in intense price competition and limited technology transfer. By contrast, technology that facilitates scope for product modification and greater interaction with technology owners can help boost technology transfer and product upgrading by developing country firms. The chapter illustrates this interaction between changes in technology and opportunities for developing countries through developments in the automotive and mobile phone handset industries, with a particular reference to China’s growth experience. It also finds that automation is likely to have only a limited impact on developing countries’ opportunities to participate in value chains through the offshoring of production by high-income countries, at least in the short term.
Concluding remarks by the Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body, Ms Irene Young of Hong Kong, China at the Trade Policy Review of the United States, 19 and 21 December 2016
This Trade Policy Review has been a very useful opportunity for Members to understand the economic, trade, and investment policies of the United States. I would like to thank the delegation led by Ambassador Michael Punke, our discussant, Ambassador Daniel Blockert, and the more than 60 delegations that had either taken the floor or had shared their written statements with us, for their valuable contributions.
Le développement du commerce électronique en Chine et la pertinence des politiques
La valeur en dollars des transactions électroniques effectuées en Chine a considérablement augmenté au cours des 20 dernières années, notamment grâce à l’amélioration des infrastructures, à la croissance rapide de la téléphonie mobile et à l’accroissement des financements. Le marché se caractérise également par une diversité croissante, notamment à la lumière de l’accroissement des services médicaux électroniques, de l’expansion du commerce électronique transfrontières et du développement des transactions en ligne à hors ligne. Le gouvernement national de la Chine a joué un rôle important dans le développement du commerce électronique grâce à l’élaboration de politiques dans le cadre de plans quinquennaux, tandis que les gouvernements régionaux ont quant à eux participé à la planification et à l’ajustement du cadre de la politique relative au commerce électronique en fonction de la situation locale.
Introduction
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Preface
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.
Driving Economic Growth through Trade Policy Reforms and Investment Attraction in the Open World Economy: The Experience of China
China achieved a great leap forward in its economic development in the last thirty years, supported by profound trade policy reforms, significant infrastructure investment and utilization of foreign capital, under the overarching state policy of reform and opening-up. Shares of manufactures and services in production have kept increasing, and remarkable export performance has been scored during this period. Additions of labour and capital, as well as competitive costs have largely shaped the economy’s comparative advantages up to now, and they are likely to be replaced by increasing domestic consumption, productivity growth and a greater reliance on services as the main factors sustaining future economic growth, albeit at a slower pace. Nonetheless, opening-up and domestic policy reforms, going hand-in-hand, will continue to play a critical role. The question that this paper addresses from China’s perspective may serve as a reference for the African economies seeking to establish a strong manufacturing base, and to realise economic take-off with the help of a clear opening-up strategy and a proper trade policy toolkit.
Trade Liberalization and the Hukou System of the People’s Republic of China: How Migration Frictions Can Amplify the Unequal Gains from Trade
The emergence of the People’s Republic of China as a great economic power has stimulated an epochal shift in patterns of world trade, in contradiction to the conventional wisdom regarding the impact of trade on labor markets in developed countries (Autor, Dorn, and Hanson 2016). The global effects of the People’s Republic of China’s trade and economic growth has been widely documented (Autor, Dorn, and Hanson 2013; Bugamelli, Fabiani, and Sette 2015; Balsvik, Jensen, and Salvanes 2015; Giovanni, Levchenko, and Zhang 2014; Hsieh and Ossa 2011), reshaping our understanding of the consequences of trade for wages, unemployment, and other labor market outcomes.
Report by China
Since the last trade policy review in 2010, in the face of the complex and volatile external environment and new circumstances and developments in economic situations at home, the Chinese Government, centered on the goal of maintaining strong, sustainable and balanced growth, has accelerated the transformation of economic development pattern, stepped up efforts to expand domestic demand, promoted structural adjustment, and continued deepening the reform and expanding opening up. The national economy continued to develop at a rapid yet steady pace, making important contributions to the world economic recovery and development.
Concluding Remarks by the Chairperson of the Trade Policy Review Body, H.E. Mr. Eloi Laourou of Benin at the Trade Policy Review of China, 11 and 13 July 2018
This seventh Trade Policy Review of China has allowed us to take a closer look at the trade and economic policies of China and to deepen our understanding of developments in those policies since its previous Review in 2016. I would like to thank, once again, Vice Minister Wang Shouwen and his delegation for their constructive engagement throughout this exercise. I would also like to thank the discussant, Ambassador Chambovey, Permanent Representative of Switzerland at the WTO, for his insightful and comprehensive remarks; and the 70 delegations which have taken the floor for their active participation.
The Rise of the People’s Republic of China and Its Competition Effects on Innovation in Japan
As a reaction to import competition from low-wage economies, firms in developed economies would respond by upgrading their innovative activities, leading to so-called defensive skill-biased innovation. In this chapter, we examine this “defensive innovation” hypothesis, which was first discussed in Wood (1994) and subsequently formalized in Thoenig and Verdier (2003). In a broader context, the effect of competition on the rate of innovation has been one of the most studied areas in the literature (e.g., Aghion et al. 2005). In the study most relevant to our work, Bloom, Draca, and Van Reenen (2016) found that a large sample of European firms increased a wide range of their innovative activities (patenting, research and development [R&D] expenditures, computer use, and total factor productivity growth), driven by intensified competition from the People’s Republic of China. This innovation was conducted within-firm.