About the WTO
Introduction
This volume is concerned with the legal instruments drawn up by WTO members in relation to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (the WTO Agreement) and the plurilateral trade agreements annexed to that Agreement. The Director-General of the WTO, in his capacity as depositary, informs the members of the signatures affixed, of the receipt of instruments of ratification, acceptance, accession, and withdrawal, of the entry into force of such instruments, and of the various notifications, communications, declarations and reservations received by him. The present volume represents a consolidated compilation of these data for each instrument.
Aide pour le commerce
L’Aide pour le commerce continue à mobiliser des ressources internationales. D’après les données les plus récentes dont on dispose, les engagements ont baissé de 14 % en 2011, à 41,5 milliards de dollars EU, mais ils se situent encore 57 % au-dessus de la période de référence 2002-2005. Il s’agit toujours d’engagements « additionnels », c’est-à-dire d’un nouveau financement et pas de fonds transférés d’autres programmes d’aide. Le thème du quatrième Examen global de l’Aide pour le commerce, qui s’est tenu en juillet, était « Se connecter aux chaînes de valeur ». En décembre, la Conférence ministérielle de l’OMC a renouvelé le mandat donné au Directeur général de mener des actions de soutien à l’Aide pour le commerce.
Relaciones con las organizaciones no gubernamentales
En 2015, las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) tuvieron numerosas oportunidades de expresar sus opiniones sobre cuestiones comerciales y recibieron periódicamente información actualizada sobre las actividades de la OMC. Participaron en varios eventos de la Organización, como el Foro Público, el Quinto Examen Global de la Ayuda para el Comercio y actividades relacionadas con el 20º aniversario de la OMC, así como en la Décima Conferencia Ministerial, celebrada en Nairobi. La OMC organizó talleres regionales para ONG y facilitó información periódica sobre las negociaciones comerciales y otras cuestiones.
Comercio y desarrollo
En 2011, el Comité de Comercio y Desarrollo (CCD) acordó varias formas de aplicación de las prescripciones sobre transparencia a los acuerdos comerciales preferenciales, en virtud de las cuales se recibieron tres notificaciones de nuevos acuerdos de ese tipo. Otras cuestiones que examinó el CCD y su Subcomité de Países Menos Adelantados (PMA) son las iniciativas de creación de capacidad, el acceso a los mercados para los PMA, la iniciativa de Ayuda para el Comercio y las actividades de asistencia técnica de la OMC.
Understanding the WTO
There are a number of ways of looking at the World Trade Organization. It is an organization for trade opening. It is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements. It is a place for them to settle trade disputes. It operates a system of trade rules. Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other.
Marco Integrado mejorado
El Marco Integrado mejorado (MIM) siguió creciendo en 2013. La participación de alto nivel y el interés en el MIM aumentaron, al igual que el número de proyectos activos en los países beneficiarios. Actualmente, 46 países reciben asistencia (en comparación con 40 países al final de 2011) para fortalecer sus instituciones comerciales y hacer frente a las dificultades relacionadas con el comercio. El MIM recibe fondos de donantes que, al 31 de diciembre de 2013, habían prometido contribuciones por valor de 251 millones de dólares EE.UU. y aportado unos 190 millones de dólares EE.UU. (frente a 178 millones de dólares EE.UU. en 2012).
Trade monitoring reports
Four reports prepared by the WTO Secretariat on behalf of the Director-General showed that despite the financial and economic crisis, WTO members generally continued to resist protectionist pressures in 2011. However, these pressures are mounting along with the risks to the global economy. The outlook for world trade has worsened, with global exports likely to have grown less than initially forecast.
Activités en matière de règlement des différends en 2011
En 2011, l'Organe de règlement des différends (ORD) a reçu huit notifications de Membres de l'OMC demandant formellement l'ouverture de consultations au titre du Mémorandum d'accord sur le règlement des différends (le Mémorandum d'accord), ce qui représente moins de la moitié du nombre de notifications reçues en 2010 (17). C'est le nombre le plus faible de l'histoire de l'OMC, après celui de 2005 (12 notifications). Malgré le faible volume d'activités nouvelles, le mécanisme de règlement des différends traite actuellement de nombreuses affaires. L'ORD a adopté huit rapports de groupes spéciaux et cinq rapports de l'Organe d'appel, y compris ceux qui concernent l'affaire la plus importante jamais traitée dans le cadre du système de règlement des différends, à savoir le différend concernant l'Union européenne et Airbus (voir ci-après).
Executive summary
On 1 January 2008 the multilateral trading system will celebrate its sixtieth anniversary. The World Trade Report 2007 marks the occasion with a retrospective look at what we have learned from those six decades of international trade cooperation. In asking this question, the report reviews a rich history of change and institutional adaptation. It attempts to identify both what lessons are to be drawn from past experience and the nature of challenges to come. This is an ambitious undertaking, and we have divided the Chapter into three main sections. The first major Section (Section B) begins with a very brief historical review of what the trade policy world looked like in the century and a half before the birth of the GATT. The rest of this Section takes a step back from events to consider what the theoretical literature might teach us about why nations choose to cooperate with one another in trade matters. This is an eclectic review that draws on perspectives from economics, political economy, political science and international relations literature, as well as legal analysis. We seek to show that despite differences in their methodological approach, these different conceptual frameworks display some interesting features in common. They also offer a variety of different insights about what might drive cooperation.
Overview of developments in the international trading environment
WTO Members agreed in Doha in November 2001 to put in place a comprehensive agenda for negotiation and future work, the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The agreed agenda aims at further strengthening and liberalizing the multilateral trading system, including by dealing with unfinished business on market access. Members also welcomed the Peoples’ Republic of China and Chinese Taipei as the 143rd and 144th Members of the WTO. Both of these successes boosted confidence in the commitment of Members to cooperate within the multilateral trading system, particularly in support of the further participation of developing countries in the system. In this context it is worth noting that developing countries that have increased their integration into the world economy do better in growth and income-per-capita terms than those whose integration has lagged; it is realized by many, including least-developed countries (LDCs), that openness and participation in the rules-based system provides a stimulus to competition and more efficient resource allocation, in furtherance of growth and development objectives. Success in the DDA will support these objectives.
Acuerdos comerciales regionales
El Comité de Acuerdos Comerciales Regionales (CACR) comenzó a examinar las implicaciones de los ACR para el sistema multilateral de comercio, según lo prescrito en la Décima Conferencia Ministerial, celebrada en Nairobi. En 2016, la OMC recibió 22 notificaciones de ACR, frente a 16 en 2015. Las notificaciones concernían a 11 ACR nuevos. Las regiones de Asia y el Pacífico y de las Américas fueron las que presentaron el mayor número de notificaciones: 5 cada una. La OMC presentó una nueva publicación sobre los ACR y su relación con las normas de la Organización.
Commerce, dette et finances
Le Directeur général Roberto Azevêdo a insisté sur la nécessité de combler les déficits persistants de financement du commerce pour les petites entreprises des pays en développement et il a rencontré les responsables d’institutions partenaires pour discuter de la manière d’aborder ce problème. Une nouvelle publication de l’OMC examine les moyens de combler ces déficits. Le Groupe d’experts sur le financement du commerce a continué d’évaluer les déficits de financement du commerce, en particulier dans les pays les plus pauvres.
Relations with non-governmental organizations
In 2011, relations with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were further developed through a variety of initiatives. These included the annual WTO Public Forum, which was considerably expanded, the launch of the WTO Youth Ambassador Programme and regular NGO briefings organized by the WTO Secretariat.
Dispute settlement activity in 2015
The WTO’s dispute settlement system experienced its busiest year so far, with an average of 30 active panels per month. During 2015, the WTO received its 500th trade dispute for settlement.
Copyright: A Nordic perspective
During the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, I worked at the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, where my main responsibilities included copyright law and policy. I participated in coordination of the Nordic countries (Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) in the capitals and represented the Nordic countries in the later stages of the TRIPS negotiations in Geneva. During the same period, I was also actively involved in WIPO’s work on copyright and the protection of layout-designs of integrated circuits, and also contributed to the intergovernmental work under various other international and European fora, such as the International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Rome Convention). Since January 1995, I have served at the WTO Secretariat, IP Division.
Aid for Trade
Aid for Trade flows to developing countries rebounded in 2012, the latest year for which figures are available, with commitments rising 21 per cent after sliding 14 per cent in the previous year. Africa was the region that benefited most but overall flows to least-developed countries (LDCs) declined. WTO members discussed preparations for the Fifth Global Review of Aid for Trade on “Reducing Trade Costs for Inclusive, Sustainable Growth”, to be held from 30 June to 2 July 2015.
Contactos con el público
El sitio Web de la OMC sigue recibiendo más de 1,8 millones de visitas al mes. El número total de visitas a la página aumentó un 14% en 2013, hasta superar los 40 millones. La OMC atrajo a un número creciente de seguidores en sus páginas en las redes sociales, como Facebook, Twitter y YouTube. La OMC recibió más de 40.000 preguntas por correo electrónico en 2013 y recibió a más de 160 grupos de visitantes. Se elaboraron 57 publicaciones nuevas.
Infancy: Reflections on the origins of legalisation in the GATT
It can be informative to look back on the past and trace how one has come to the present stage. ‘Taking stock’ does not stem from any idle nostalgia, but may help in preparing for the future. Now, more than sixty-five years after the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was launched, some old experts are taking time to reflect on the development of this trade system and its outgrowth, the WTO, to look more particularly at the rule of law and the role played by lawyers since the beginning. The GATT and I were young together, and so my personal story is intertwined with the institutional history of the first global multilateral trading system in the world’s history. Indeed my first connection stems from three years as a staff member of the Secretariat beginning in 1956. Also, after joining what was then the European Community (EC) Commission in January 1959, I remained directly involved in GATT diplomacy, negotiation and conflict settlement until towards the end of the 1980s.
Fomento de la cooperación internacional
En 2010, año en que las Naciones Unidas celebraron su Cumbre sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, la OMC intensificó su cooperación con varias organizaciones intergubernamentales, como las Naciones Unidas, la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) y el Banco Mundial. La OMC siguió cooperando con la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCT AD) y la OCDE, publicando informes conjuntos sobre la evolución del comercio y la inversión en los países del G-20.
Fonds pour l'application des normes et le développement du commerce
Les contributions au Fonds pour l'application des normes et le développement du commerce (FANDC) se sont élevées à 5,9 millions de dollars EU en 2011, contre 4,3 millions de dollars EU en 2010. Le FANDC s'est concentré sur la sensibilisation, la mobilisation de ressources et le renforcement de la collaboration sur l'identification et la diffusion des bonnes pratiques et sur le soutien et le financement de l'élaboration et de l'exécution de projets encourageant la conformité avec les prescriptions sanitaires et phytosanitaires (SPS) internationales. Il a adopté une nouvelle stratégie à moyen terme (2012-2016) et il a commencé à élaborer un nouvel outil pour aider les pays en développement à hiérarchiser leurs besoins en matière de renforcement des capacités SPS et à améliorer la prise de décisions.
Overview
The year 2002 has been a very active one for the World Trade Organization. Intensive and substantial negotiations under the Doha Development Agenda, launched in November 2001, began in earnest. The WTO Secretariat has been supporting these negotiations, alongside its regular work in undertaking trade policies reviews, dispute settlement activities, accessions, and outreach to parliamentarians and civil society. The Secretariat has taken on a much more central role in providing technical assistance and capacity-building activities to its Members and ensuring policy coherence with other international agencies. Preparations also got underway for the WTO’s Fifth Ministerial Conference which will be held in Cancún, Mexico in September 2003.
Aid for Trade
The Second Global Review of Aid for Trade, which was held on 6 and 7 July 2009, highlighted substantial and measurable progress in implementing the Aid for Trade initiative. Since its inception, the initiative has succeeded in raising awareness of the needs of developing countries, in particular least-developed countries (LDCs), and the support they require to benefit from trade expansion and reduce poverty. Using the increasing resources provided by donors, the Aid for Trade programme has focused more recently on effective implementation of projects, especially at the regional level. The worsening global economic outlook during 2009 further increased the relevance of the Aid for T rade initiative for developing countries.
Statistics activities
The Statistics Group continued to be the principal supplier of WTO trade statistics and information on market access. The WTO’s Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP), which includes tariff and non-tariff measures, was further improved in 2014. I-TIP now covers trade in services and benefits from analysis produced jointly with the World Bank. In 2014, the WTO also cooperated with, among others, UNCTAD on market access and trade statistics, with OECD on trade in value-added terms and with the UN regional commissions. As a key contributor to the UN manual on trade in services, the WTO participated in several regional capacity-building initiatives.
Concluding remarks
Reading this book has been like enjoying a long, amiable lunch with good friends and new acquaintances. Such is the sense of familiarity and comradeship one has when reading this collection, which is surely unique in the literature on the WTO in bringing together in one place the reflections and opinions of so many eminent staff members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the WTO as well as Appellate Body members, both past and present. The chapters in this book are united by two features or characteristics: on the one hand, a relaxed, reflective tone that allows the individual voice of each contributor to shine through; on the other hand, a serious and sometimes probing examination of the changing role of law and lawyers in the multilateral trading system, and the place of the ‘rule of law’ in the ‘pragmatic’ GATT and the WTO. Despite these convergences, the personal nature of many of the book’s chapters makes it somewhat difficult, and indeed undesirable, to find any single conclusion or ‘takeaway’ point. Having appreciated the various perspectives contained in this book, which might be compared to a symphony that is united by a series of themes and motifs, I would do the contributors an injustice were I to try to classify them under one overall message.
Fondo para la Aplicación de Normas y el Fomento del Comercio
En 2014 el Fondo para la Aplicación de Normas y el Fomento del Comercio (STDF) llevó a cabo investigaciones en varios países en desarrollo, a partir de las cuales se formularon recomendaciones para mejorar la coordinación entre organismos sanitarios y fitosanitarios y otros organismos en las fronteras, así como para facilitar un comercio seguro. Además, contribuyó a elaborar y poner en práctica numerosos proyectos destinados a promover el cumplimiento de las normas internacionales en materia de inocuidad de los alimentos, salud de los animales y preservación de los vegetales y facilitar el acceso a los mercados. A lo largo del año, se aplicaron varias recomendaciones orientadas a fortalecer su funcionamiento.
Accord sur les marchés publics
Le 3 décembre 2013, les Ministres des parties à l’Accord sur les marchés publics de l’OMC (AMP), réunis à Bali à l’occasion de la neuvième Conférence ministérielle, se sont félicités des progrès accomplis en vue de l’entrée en vigueur de l’AMP révisé. Après avoir été ratifié par dix parties, l’Accord est finalement entré en vigueur le 6 avril 2014.
Evolución del comercio mundial
El mejor comportamiento del producto económico mundial en 1999 puso término a la desaceleración del comercio mundial que se registró durante el primer semestre de 1999, invirtiendo la tendencia y dando lugar a una dinámica expansión del comercio en el segundo semestre. Durante el conjunto del año, el crecimiento real del comercio mundial se mantuvo sin cambios con respecto al año anterior y fue inferior a la expansión media del comercio registrada durante todo el decenio de 1990. Aunque el crecimiento del comercio siguió siendo superior al de la producción mundial de productos básicos y al del PIB mundial, el margen de diferencia entre las tasas de crecimiento siguió siendo más estrecho en 1999 que los márgenes registrados en el período 1990-1997.
Algunos hitos históricos
La OMC nació el 1º de enero de 1995 y sucedió al Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT), que había regulado el comercio mundial desde 1948. En los últimos 20 años, la OMC ha contribuido de manera notable al fortalecimiento y la estabilidad de la economía mundial, ayudando a impulsar el crecimiento del comercio, resolver numerosas diferencias comerciales y respaldar la integración de los países en desarrollo en el sistema de comercio.
Economic research workshops and conferences
In 2010 the WTO’s Economic Research and Statistics Division organized over 60 events, many in collaboration with other institutions. They included a conference on the implications of climate policies for the WTO, workshops on timber markets and preferential trade agreements, a dialogue on the economic and development implications of the Doha Round, and a series of seminars in the Geneva Trade and Development Workshop programme.
Exámenes de las políticas comerciales
En 2011, el Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales llevó a cabo 14 exámenes, correspondientes a los Miembros siguientes: Australia, Camboya, Canadá, Ecuador, Guinea, India, Jamaica, Japón, Mauritania, Nigeria, Paraguay, Tailandia, Unión Europea y Zimbabwe.
Introduction
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture entered into force when the World Trade Organization (WTO) came into being on 1 January 1995. Its main objective is to reform agricultural trade so that it is closer to competitive market conditions — but also to serve other objectives.
Le commerce mondial en 1997 et au premier semestre de 1998
En dépit des turbulences sur les marchés mondiaux de capitaux, l’économie et le commerce mondial ont connu une expansion remarquable en 1997. La croissance aussi bien du PIB que des échanges a été plus élevée que pendant n’importe quelle autre année de la décennie. L’écart grandissant entre la croissance du commerce et celle de la production et la nouvelle progression de l’investissement étranger direct (IED) en 1997 sont le signe que les marchés nationaux ont continué à s’intégrer dans l’économie mondiale. Mais une intégration accrue signifie inévitablement que les troubles qui surviennent dans un pays ou dans une région peuvent avoir des répercussions ailleurs – un fait dont le monde a pris une conscience aiguë au cours des derniers mois, lorsque les crises financières et le ralentissement de la croissance en Asie ont commencé à retentir sur la situation économique dans d’autres régions. Ces événements soulignent la nécessité d’adopter des politiques prudentes et bien conduites, s’appuyant sur une coopération internationale appropriée. Parmi les facteurs qui sont importants pour réduire la contagion et éviter que l’économie mondiale ne soit entraînée dans une spirale descendante, il faut maintenir des marchés ouverts pour les échanges, rétablir la stabilité financière et mettre en place des cadres réglementaires appropriés dans le secteur financier.
The WTO’s tenth anniversary
The year 2005 marked the Tenth Anniversary of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO was built on the multilateral trading system created under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which dated back to 1947.
Disclaimer
In the interest of accuracy, this publication uses the historical names of GATT contracting parties as they were used at the time of each dispute, e.g. Ceylon, Czechoslovakia, Hong Kong, the Federal Republic of Germany, Yugoslavia or the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Likewise, this publication makes reference to EEC-6, EEC-9, EEC-10 or EEC-12 to reflect different stages of enlargement of the European Economic Communities. It also refers to individual EEC member States (e.g. France, Italy, etc.) for cases when these countries acted in their own capacity.
Trade in services
In 2013, the Council for Trade in Services continued to focus on services-related issues in electronic commerce. It also debated the operationalization of the services waiver for least-developed countries (LDCs) and recent developments in services trade and regulation. Transparency was a further issue that figured prominently on the agenda, with WTO members discussing how compliance with the notification provisions might be improved. The inclusion of services in the Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP) database will provide a further aid to transparency.
Renforcement de la coopération internationale
En 2009, l'OMC a poursuivi sa coopération avec diverses organisations intergouvernementales telles que les Nations Unies, l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, le Fonds monétaire international et la Banque mondiale.
Cooperación con otras organizaciones internacionales
En 2015, la OMC cooperó con diversas organizaciones intergubernamentales. Con la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD), firmó una declaración destinada a fortalecer su colaboración. Con el Banco Mundial, coeditó un informe sobre la función del comercio en la eliminación de la pobreza, y, conjuntamente con la UNCTAD y la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), siguió publicando informes sobre las medidas del G-20 en materia de comercio e inversión. El Director General, Roberto Azevêdo, viajó a Nueva York para asistir a la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, en la que se adoptaron los nuevos Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).
World trade developments
Global output and trade growth decelerated sharply in 1998 as imports of Japan and East Asia fell for the first time since 1974 (first oil crisis). All regions and all broad product categories were affected by the slowdown. The share of the developing countries in world trade dipped for the first time in more than a decade. Nearly two thirds of the world’s economies recorded a decrease in their export earnings, which was the worst performance observed in the 1990’s. Preliminary indicators point to an arrest of the slowdown of world trade in the first months of 1999 and an acceleration of growth in the second quarter.
Trade in goods
In 2016, the Council for Trade in Goods addressed many trade concerns, including ten new ones, reflecting its growing role as a forum for airing concerns about measures, policies and practices considered potentially discriminatory or trade restricting. China and Pakistan presented a proposal for advancing the WTO work programme on e-commerce. The Council also considered several waiver requests.
Budget, finances et administration
En 2009, le Comité du budget, des finances et de l'administration a recommandé l'approbation du budget proposé pour la période biennale 2010–2011 et a examiné des questions relatives à la rénovation du bâtiment du siège de l'OMC et à la construction d'un nouvel édifice attenant.
Trade monitoring reports
Four comprehensive reports were presented by the Director-General on global trade developments, in January, April, July and November 2009. These were discussed at various meetings of the Trade Policy Review Body (TPR B). The reports showed that, despite the depth of the crisis and rising unemployment, WTO members had, by and large, resisted domestic protectionist pressures and kept markets open. Nor was there any significant instance of trade retaliation. Nevertheless, there were aspects of countries’ stimulus packages that threatened to distort trade, notably ‘buy national’ policies attached to some public spending programmes and the substantial help given by some governments to the banking and auto industries.
Beyond Doha: Reflections on the future of trade remedies
We just commemorated the 100th anniversary of the first national anti-dumping law. For much of that history, anti-dumping laws and other trade remedies remained obscure and relative unimportant features of trade policy. That situation began to change in the 1980s. Over the past 25 years, however, trade remedies have grown in importance. As other forms of trade restrictions have been reduced or eliminated, trade remedies have taken their place.

