Trade monitoring

El Grupo de Estadística siguió siendo el principal proveedor de estadísticas comerciales y de información sobre el acceso a los mercados en la OMC. El Portal Integrado de Información Comercial (I-TIP) de la OMC, que abarca las medidas arancelarias y no arancelarias, se siguió mejorando en 2014. Actualmente el I-TIP abarca el comercio de servicios y utiliza los análisis elaborados en colaboración con el Banco Mundial. En 2014 la OMC también cooperó con otros organismos, en particular con la UNCTAD en relación con el acceso a los mercados y las estadísticas comerciales, la OCDE con respecto al comercio en términos de valor añadido y las comisiones regionales de las Naciones Unidas. Al tratarse de uno de los principales colaboradores del Manual de Estadísticas del Comercio Internacional de Servicios de las Naciones Unidas, la OMC participó en varias iniciativas regionales de creación de capacidad.

En 2011, l'Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales a procédé à l'examen de 14 Membres de l'OMC: Australie, Cambodge, Canada, Équateur, Guinée, Inde, Jamaïque, Japon, Mauritanie, Nigéria, Paraguay, Thaïlande, Union européenne et Zimbabwe.

Le chapitre suivant examine l’évolution récente des politiques commerciales des pays. Il s’appuie sur les notifications présentées par les Membres de l’OMC, les rapports de l’OMC sur le suivi du commerce, un aperçu des tendances dans les nouvelles mesures de politique commerciale appliquées par les Membres de l’OMC et leurs engagements au titre de l’Accord sur la facilitation des échanges, qui est entré en vigueur en février 2017.

Israel has not been spared the effects of the global economic crisis, but its financial system has weathered the crisis comparatively well. Since its last TPR, in 2006, real GDP growth has averaged around 5% per year, only interrupted by a sharp decline in growth in 2009. Recently, there are again signs of slowing economic activity. The resilience and stability of the financial system has been attributed, inter alia, to cautious lending and limited exposure to “toxic” assets by Israeli banks, and a conservative supervisory approach by the Bank of Israel. There was no need for any bank bailout or major stimulus programme, although the Government has substantially increased its exposure to credit guarantees in order to stimulate exports. Public debt as a percentage of GDP has been reduced (74% in 2011).

En 2012, la OMC y la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) crearon una base de datos sobre las corrientes comerciales bilaterales medidas en términos de valor añadido, en lugar de mediante el tradicional valor en aduana. La iniciativa “Hecho en el mundo” y sus implicaciones para las políticas comerciales y de desarrollo fueron además objeto de examen en varios seminarios internacionales. En la reunión que celebró en marzo de 2012 en Puerto Vallarta, el G-20 destacó la importancia de entender el papel de las cadenas de valor mundiales en el comercio internacional y sus repercusiones en la economía mundial.

This fourth Trade Policy Review of Uruguay has provided an opportunity for us to improve our understanding of recent developments in Uruguay’s trade and investment policies, including areas where significant progress has been made, and those where there is room for improvement. We are grateful for the active participation of the Uruguayan delegation, led by Ambassador Álvaro Ons, Executive Secretary of the Interministerial Commission on Foreign Trade. We also thank Ambassador Francisco Pírez, Permanent Representative of Uruguay to the WTO, and the other members of the Uruguayan delegation. Our discussions have also been enriched by the judicious observations of the discussant, Ambassador Francisco Lima, and by the numerous statements of Members. The answers provided by the Uruguayan authorities to the questions submitted in advance were very much appreciated.

Over the course of four meetings held in 2012, the Council for Trade in Goods approved a number of waiver requests, individual and collective, such as the extension of the waiver on the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), the on-going harmonization of tariff schedules and the European Union duties on certain goods from Pakistan. It also discussed a range of trade concerns raised by members.

De nombreux ouvrages d’économie et de science politique s’intéressent aux causes et aux effets des accords commerciaux préférentiels (ACPr) – et en particulier à la façon dont les mesures à la frontière, comme les droits de douane, influent sur les échanges entre les pays dans le cadre de ces accords et en dehors. Souvent qualifiée d’« analyse classique des accords commerciaux préférentiels », cette littérature est examinée en détail dans les Sections C.1 et C.2. Mais de nombreux accords régionaux récents vont au-delà des mesures à la frontière pour englober des formes plus profondes de règles et d’institutions qui ne peuvent être que partiellement appréhendées par l’analyse classique du commerce préférentiel. Les motivations économiques – et les principales questions – qui sous-tendent les accords d’intégration approfondie sont examinées dans la Section C.3.

The increasing importance of global supply chains challenges the way statistics on trade are collected. Statistics on international trade flows are measured in gross terms and, hence, record the value of intermediate inputs traded along the value chain multiple times. Trade in global supply chains can be measured using firm surveys, customs statistics that record trade flows under special schemes of tariff reduction or exemption, or the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) classifying goods as being intermediate or final. Because of several limitations associated with these methods, however, using input-output tables has become the preferred method for measuring trade in global supply chains. They are used to compute the value of imported inputs embodied in goods that are exported. A more complete measure of a country’s participation in global value chains combines foreign value-added in exports (upstream links) with exports that are incorporated in other products and re-exported (downstream links). Estimates of the ratio of valueadded exports to gross exports suggests that the double counting in gross trade flows, and hence international production sharing, has intensified in recent years, especially for fast growing countries undergoing structural transformation. Relying on national inputoutput tables, however, has its limitations. Combining it with bilateral trade data is difficult because there is no standard international classification, the level of sectoral aggregation is often different and their publication is infrequent. On-going efforts from the international statistics community to estimate trade in value-added go beyond the limitations of the input-output approach.

En 2016, l’OMC a coopéré avec d’autres organisations intergouvernementales sur de nombreuses questions relatives au commerce. Le Directeur général, Roberto Azevêdo, a participé à des activités organisées par les Nations Unies, la Banque mondiale et le Fonds monétaire international, et il a assisté au Sommet du G-20 à Hangzhou (Chine). L’OMC a continué à publier des rapports sur les mesures relatives au commerce et à l’investissement adoptées par le G-20, conjointement avec la CNUCED et l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE).

Access to medicines for the poorest countries, promotion of transparency and leastdeveloped countries’ needs for assistance were some of the topics discussed by the TRIPS Council in 2011 as part of its regular review of intellectual property matters in the WTO’s member countries. The Council also discussed particular concerns raised by individual countries, such as Australia’s plain packaging bill for tobacco products.

The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.

The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was first established on a trial basis by the GATT contracting parties in April 1989. The Mechanism became a permanent feature of the World Trade Organization under the Marrakesh Agreement which established the WTO in January 1995.

Los nuevos Perfiles comerciales contienen información detallada sobre las corrientes del comercio de mercancías, incluidos los principales productos con que comercia cada economía, una sección más amplia sobre el comercio de servicios comerciales y estadísticas sobre propiedad intelectual. Esta información, que está a disposición de los Miembros de la OMC, los observadores ante la Organización y otras economías determinadas, proviene de múltiples fuentes, como las estadísticas aduaneras, las cuentas nacionales, las estadísticas sobre la balanza de pagos, el comercio de servicios de filiales extranjeras y la propiedad industrial. Los datos se han obtenido de la Secretaría de la OMC y de fuentes externas. Se presentan en un formato normalizado y fácil de visualizar, para su rápida consulta.

La Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC de 2013 concluyó con la aprobación por los Ministros del “Paquete de Bali”, un conjunto de cuestiones que forman parte de las negociaciones más amplias de la Ronda de Doha.

La présente section examine comment les nouvelles technologies transforment le commerce international, créant de nouvelles possibilités d’établir un système commercial plus inclusif et soulevant de nouveaux défis. Elle analyse d’abord l’influence des technologies numériques sur les coûts du commerce international. Puis elle examine comment ces technologies modifient ce qui est échangé, par qui et comment. Enfin, l’impact potentiel des grandes tendances de l’évolution technologique est quantifié, et des projections à long terme concernant le commerce international sont faites au moyen du Modèle du commerce mondial de l’OMC.

Air transport, like other transport services, is associated with international trade in two distinct ways. First, air transport is traded as a service in its own right. Second, it is a key intermediate service for many other kinds of trade, in the domain of both goods and services (such as tourism). Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of an efficient, effective and reliable air transport infrastructure, especially in developing countries, to ensure the materialization of the gains from trade (WTO, 2004). These studies also highlight the important role of international civil aviation in contributing to the development process and its role in the leisure and commercial decisions of many people. This importance is expected to increase as a result of technological innovation, deregulation and enhanced market access for foreign companies, which are all making air transport more accessible to a wider set of customers in a broader range of countries.