WTO

Over the past 20 years, the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) has increased worldwide access to high-tech goods, such as computers, mobile phones and semiconductors. It has also contributed to greater access to the Internet and the growth of the digital economy, creating new opportunities for businesses and individuals in both developed and developing economies. Finalized at the first WTO Ministerial Conference in 1996, the ITA commits its participants to eliminating tariffs on a wide range of IT products with an annual value of approximately US$ 1.7 trillion. To mark the 20th anniversary of the ITA, this publication analyses the impact of the ITA on its participants and on worldwide trade in IT products. It demonstrates how the Agreement has not only made high-tech products more affordable but has also helped to promote innovation and to support developing economies’ integration into global production networks. The publication also reviews new developments, such as the landmark deal concluded in 2015 to eliminate tariffs on an additional 201 IT products valued at over $1.3 trillion per year. Finally, it highlights what still needs to be done to meet the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal of providing universal and affordable access to the Internet so that the benefits of the digital revolution can be enjoyed by all.

“25 years of the WTO: A Photographic Retrospective” captures some of the key moments in the life of the WTO since it came into being on 1 January 1995. Over 150 photos provide insights into the work of the organization over the past quarter of a century, reflecting 25 years of challenges, successes and perseverance.

A key guide to the intricacies of anti-dumping proceedings

The primary purpose of this training guide is to explain the WTO dispute settlement system to an interested person with little or no knowledge of how this system functions. However, with its detailed content, it could also serve as a very useful “handbook” to experienced practitioners of WTO Law. It explains the historic evolution of the current system and explores the practices that have arisen in its operation since its entry into force on 1 January 1995.

This handbook describes the historical and legal background to the TRIPS Agreement, its role in the WTO and its institutional framework and reviews the following areas: general provisions and basic principles; copyright and related rights; trademarks; geographical indications; patents; industrial designs, layout-designs, undisclosed information and anti-competitive practices; enforcement of IPRs; dispute settlement in the context of the TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS and public health; and current TRIPS issues. It contains a guide to TRIPS notifications by WTO members and describes how to access and make use of the official documentation relating to the TRIPS Agreement and related issues. Furthermore, it includes the legal texts of the TRIPS Agreement and the relevant provisions of the WIPO conventions referred to in it, as well as subsequent relevant WTO instruments.

How did a treaty that emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War, and barely survived its early years, evolve into one of the most influential organisations in international law? This unique book brings together original contributions from an unprecedented number of eminent current and former GATT and WTO staff members, including many current and former Appellate Body members, to trace the history of law and lawyers in the GATT/WTO and explore how the nature of legal work has evolved over the institution's sixty-year history. In doing so, it paints a fascinating portrait of the development of the rule of law in the multilateral trading system, and allows some of the most important personalities in GATT and WTO history to share their stories and reflect on the WTO's remarkable journey from a 'provisionally applied treaty' to an international organisation defined by its commitment to the rule of law.

For many micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) around the world today, access to financing can mean the difference between prosperity and bankruptcy. Working to identify, understand, and ultimately overcome the challenges that MSMEs face in their quest for acquiring financing will help to ensure that the next great technological idea does not cease to exist before it has a chance to change the world. This publication seeks to identify some of the most pressing of these challenges, understand them, and explore the potential application of digital technologies to mitigating their impact. To that end, the authors conducted interviews and surveys with experts in the field of MSME financing, including, in some cases, trade financing, to shed light on these issues and explore the ways in which technology can be used. This publication begins by examining some of the challenges that have been identified as impacting MSME financing, as well as the role that the COVID-19 pandemic has had in moulding the landscape. Next, it moves on to examining key digital technologies, their potential benefit to the industry – in particular to MSME financing – a selection of case studies and of companies utilizing these technologies, the adoption challenges they face, and recommendations for overcoming these challenges. The technologies in question include cloud computing, optical character recognition, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, distributed ledger technology and application programming interfaces.

L’Accord sur les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC) vise à faire en sorte que les règlements, les normes et les procédures d’essai et de certification appliqués par les Membres de l’OMC ne créent pas d’obstacles non nécessaires au commerce. Le Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce de l’OMC recueille chaque année des données sur la mise en oeuvre de l’Accord OTC. Les renseignements contenus dans la présente brochure sont basés sur l’examen de 2023. L’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) est l’organisme international qui s’occupe des règles régissant le commerce entre les pays. Sa principale fonction est de favoriser autant que possible la bonne marche, la prévisibilité et la liberté des échanges et d’assurer des conditions égales entre tous ses Membres.

El Acuerdo sobre Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio tiene por objeto velar por que los reglamentos, las normas y los procedimientos de prueba y certificación aplicados por los Miembros de la OMC no creen obstáculos innecesarios al comercio. El Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio de la OMC recopila anualmente datos sobre la aplicación del Acuerdo OTC. La información que figura en este folleto se basa en el examen de 2023. La Organización Mundial del Comercio es el organismo internacional que se ocupa de las normas mundiales del comercio entre las naciones. Su función principal es velar por que el comercio se desarrolle de la manera más fluida, previsible y libre posible, en condiciones de igualdad para todos sus Miembros.

En un nuevo folleto presentado el 27 de julio se destaca el firme compromiso de los Miembros de la OMC en todos los niveles de desarrollo con la transparencia y la prevención de diferencias comerciales. La información contenida en el folleto se basa en el examen de 2020 de la aplicación por los Miembros del Acuerdo sobre la Aplicación de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias (el “Acuerdo MSF”).

Adapting to the digital trade era: challenges and opportunities looks at how the rapid adoption of digital technologies could help developing countries increase their participation in world trade. It also reviews the role that domestic policies and international co-operation can play in creating a more prosperous and inclusive future for these countries. This publication marks the conclusion of the second phase of the WTO Chairs Programme (WCP). It brings together contributions from the WCP Chairholders of Phases I and II, Advisory Board members, the WCP team at the WTO and other WTO Secretariat staff. The WCP is an important part of the WTO's efforts to build trade capacity and to work jointly with academic institutions in developing countries.

Aid for Trade seeks to enable developing countries, and in particular least-developed countries (LDCs), to use trade as a means of fostering economic growth, sustainable development and poverty reduction. It promotes the integration of developing countries, especially LDCs, into the multilateral trading system and aims to galvanize support to build supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure in these countries to improve trade performance. This publication draws on the responses provided by participants to the questionnaire of the 2022 OECD–WTO Aid for Trade monitoring and evaluation (M&E) exercise, which underpins the WTO’s 2022 Global Review of Aid for Trade. This publication presents an analysis of the M&E questionnaire responses and describes priority areas and issues for the Aid for Trade Initiative for 2022 and the coming years.

Aid for Trade seeks to enable developing economies, and in particular least-developed countries (LDCs), to use trade as a means of fostering economic growth, sustainable development and poverty reduction. It promotes the integration of developing economies, especially LDCs, into the multilateral trading system and aims to galvanize support to build supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure in these economies to improve trade performance. This publication draws on the responses provided by participants to the questionnaire of the 2024 joint OECD–WTO Aid for Trade monitoring and evaluation (M&E) exercise, which underpins the 2024 Global Review of Aid for Trade. It presents an analysis of the M&E questionnaire responses and provides information on Aid for Trade financing flows up to the year 2022. Drawing on the responses to the survey, it describes priority areas for the Aid for Trade Initiative for 2024 and the coming years.

This special compilation describes air transport services from a regulatory and economic point of view, with a special focus on market access questions. Each volume contains original material and up-to-date insights, written on the basis of close cooperation with industry professionals. In preparation for the second air transport review mandated by the GATS Annex on Air Transport Services, the Secretariat has gathered in the present booklet the documentation produced in 2000-1 for the first review.

An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis is a follow up to A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis. The Advanced Guide provides the most recent tools for analysis of trade policy using structural gravity models. Written by experts who have contributed to the development of theoretical and empirical methods in the academic gravity literature and who have rich practical experience in the field, this publication explains how to conduct partial equilibrium estimations as well as general equilibrium analysis with structural gravity models and contains practical guidance on how to apply these tools to concrete policy questions.

The "Annual Report" summarises the WTO's activities and provides detailed information on the organization's structure, staff and budget.

The WTO Annual Report 2023 provides a comprehensive account of the WTO’s activities in 2022 and the early part of 2023. At the start of the report, Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala reflects on the current challenges facing world trade and the role of the WTO in helping the world address these challenges.

This report covers WTO activities in 2024 and the early part of 2025. At the start of the report, Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala reflects on the current challenges facing world trade and the role of the WTO. The report also covers the 13th WTO Ministerial Conference, which took place from 26 February to 1 March 2024.

Annual reports on the work of the Appellate Body and its Secretariat have been issued since 2003. These reports contain information about the composition of the Appellate Body, the appeals filed and the Appellate Body reports circulated during the period covered, as well as technical assistance and other developments. The annual reports also provide up-to-date information on a range of topics relating to appellate proceedings, including the subject matter of disputes and procedural issues raised in appeals, as well as statistics on the WTO agreements addressed, the percentage of panel reports appealed, and the participation of WTO Members in appeals. It also contains key speeches delivered by AB Members during the covered period.

Annual reports on the work of the Appellate Body and its Secretariat have been issued since 2003. These reports contain information about the composition of the Appellate Body, the appeals filed and the Appellate Body reports circulated during the period covered, as well as technical assistance and other developments. The annual reports also provide up-to-date information on a range of topics relating to appellate proceedings, including the subject matter of disputes and procedural issues raised in appeals, as well as statistics on the WTO agreements addressed, the percentage of panel reports appealed, and the participation of WTO Members in appeals. It also contains key speeches delivered by AB Members during the covered period.

Annual reports on the work of the Appellate Body and its Secretariat have been issued since 2003. These reports contain information about the composition of the Appellate Body, the appeals filed and the Appellate Body reports circulated during the period covered, as well as technical assistance and other developments. The annual reports also provide up-to-date information on a range of topics relating to appellate proceedings, including the subject matter of disputes and procedural issues raised in appeals, as well as statistics on the WTO agreements addressed, the percentage of panel reports appealed, and the participation of WTO Members in appeals. It also contains key speeches delivered by AB Members during the covered period.

Annual reports on the work of the Appellate Body and its Secretariat have been issued since 2003. These reports contain information about the composition of the Appellate Body, the appeals filed and the Appellate Body reports circulated during the period covered, as well as technical assistance and other developments. The annual reports also provide up-to-date information on a range of topics relating to appellate proceedings, including the subject matter of disputes and procedural issues raised in appeals, as well as statistics on the WTO agreements addressed, the percentage of panel reports appealed, and the participation of WTO Members in appeals. It also contains key speeches delivered by AB Members during the covered period.

Annual reports on the work of the Appellate Body and its Secretariat have been issued since 2003. These reports contain information about the composition of the Appellate Body, the appeals filed and the Appellate Body reports circulated during the period covered, as well as technical assistance and other developments. The annual reports also provide up-to-date information on a range of topics relating to appellate proceedings, including the subject matter of disputes and procedural issues raised in appeals, as well as statistics on the WTO agreements addressed, the percentage of panel reports appealed, and the participation of WTO Members in appeals. It also contains key speeches delivered by AB Members during the covered period.

Annual reports on the work of the Appellate Body and its Secretariat have been issued since 2003. These reports contain information about the composition of the Appellate Body, the appeals filed and the Appellate Body reports circulated during the period covered, as well as technical assistance and other developments. The annual reports also provide up-to-date information on a range of topics relating to appellate proceedings, including the subject matter of disputes and procedural issues raised in appeals, as well as statistics on the WTO agreements addressed, the percentage of panel reports appealed, and the participation of WTO Members in appeals. It also contains key speeches delivered by AB Members during the covered period.

Annual reports on the work of the Appellate Body and its Secretariat have been issued since 2003. These reports contain information about the composition of the Appellate Body, the appeals filed and the Appellate Body reports circulated during the period covered, as well as technical assistance and other developments. The annual reports also provide up-to-date information on a range of topics relating to appellate proceedings, including the subject matter of disputes and procedural issues raised in appeals, as well as statistics on the WTO agreements addressed, the percentage of panel reports appealed, and the participation of WTO Members in appeals. It also contains key speeches delivered by AB Members during the covered period.

Annual reports on the work of the Appellate Body and its Secretariat have been issued since 2003. These reports contain information about the composition of the Appellate Body, the appeals filed and the Appellate Body reports circulated during the period covered, as well as technical assistance and other developments. The annual reports also provide up-to-date information on a range of topics relating to appellate proceedings, including the subject matter of disputes and procedural issues raised in appeals, as well as statistics on the WTO agreements addressed, the percentage of panel reports appealed, and the participation of WTO Members in appeals. It also contains key speeches delivered by AB Members during the covered period.

Sans accès direct à la mer ou aux océans et isolés des plus grands marchés du monde, les pays en développement sans littoral (PDSL) rencontrent de nombreuses difficultés pour s'intégrer dans les chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales. Ce rapport recense les goulets d'étranglement commerciaux spécifiques qui existent dans les PDSL et qui accroissent les coûts de l'activité commerciale, allongent les délais de traitement des marchandises aux frontières et limitent la circulation transfrontières des marchandises. Voyant leur situation aggravée par les effets dévastateurs de la pandémie de COVID-19, les PDSL ont enregistré une baisse plus marquée des échanges, et pendant plus longtemps que le reste du monde. Ce rapport montre le rôle vital que peut jouer l'Accord sur la facilitation des échanges (AFE) pour stimuler la production et faciliter le commerce mondial en simplifiant, en modernisant et en harmonisant les procédures pour la circulation, la mainlevée et le dédouanement des marchandises. La participation à l'AFE peut accroître les possibilités des pays en développement – et en particulier les PDSL – de participer plus pleinement aux chaînes de valeur mondiales. Le rapport se conclut par des recommandations concernant les mesures pouvant être prises par les PDSL, les pays de transit voisins et les organisations internationales pour atténuer les goulets d'étranglement d'ordre commercial, afin de maintenir la fluidité des échanges et de rendre le commerce plus inclusif.

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digitalization in all sectors, including international trade, which remains hindered by inefficient paper-intensive processes. Of particular interest for trade digitalization are projects leveraging distributed ledger technology (DLT) – commonly referred to as Blockchain. The tamper-proof and decentralized nature of DLT makes it useful for breaking the silos that constrain international trade. Many projects that were at an exploratory stage when the first “Blockchain and DLT in Trade” publication was launched in November 2019 have matured and reached the production stage. This publication looks at the current situation. The publication updates the original “periodic table” of DLT projects in trade launched in November 2019 by the International Chamber of Commerce, the WTO and Trade Finance Global, a trade finance platform, at the WTO Global Trade and Blockchain Forum. The periodic table provides a means of differentiating between the countless initiatives, projects, consortia and companies operating in the broad space that can be described by “DLT in trade”. While no simplified diagram of the landscape can encapsulate the minutiae of each project, the table provides a starting point for understanding and analyzing the industry. This publication maps 44 projects related to trade finance, insurance, know your customer, shipping/logistics and supply chain, digitalization of trade documents and trade processes as well as other projects, such as marketplaces, and assesses their level of maturity. A new section on standardization initiatives provides an overview of projects that work towards creating digital standards relevant for trade to drive digital interoperability. The report also showcases the results of a supplementary survey analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the projects featured.

Le recours à des documents et à des transactions électroniques peut accélérer et accroître le commerce. Les messages électroniques peuvent éliminer la nécessité d'introduire manuellement des données dans un ordinateur à chaque point de contrôle de la chaîne d'approvisionnement et peuvent offrir la possibilité de réutiliser les données. La présente boîte à outils vise à faire mieux connaître les outils techniques et juridiques à utiliser pour adopter des systèmes de commerce transfrontières sans papier et des guichets uniques nationaux.

This publication illustrates how the relationship between CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and the WTO has evolved into a leading example of how global trade and environmental regimes can support each other to achieve shared objectives.

La inteligencia artificial (IA) está transformando la forma en que vivimos, trabajamos, producimos y comerciamos. Se prevé que, a medida que se vaya desarrollando, irá abriendo oportunidades económicas y sociales sin precedentes. No obstante, es también una fuente de riesgos y desafíos importantes. En el presente informe se examina la intersección de la IA y el comercio internacional, y se analiza la manera en que la IA puede configurar el futuro del comercio internacional, al reducir los costos del comercio, mejorar la productividad y ampliar las ventajas comparativas de las economías. En el informe se examinan algunas de las principales consideraciones de política comercial, en particular, la necesidad urgente de abordar la brecha cada vez mayor en materia de IA entre las distintas economías y entre las grandes y pequeñas empresas, así como las cuestiones relacionadas con la gobernanza de los datos y la propiedad intelectual. También se estudia cómo garantizar la fiabilidad de la IA sin obstaculizar el comercio. En el informe se presenta un panorama general de las iniciativas gubernamentales adoptadas a nivel nacional, regional e internacional para promover y regular la IA, y se destaca el riesgo de fragmentación de la reglamentación resultante. Por último, en el informe se aborda el papel fundamental de la OMC por lo que se refiere a facilitar el comercio relacionado con la IA, garantizar la fiabilidad de la IA y hacer frente a las tensiones comerciales emergentes, y se señala que la rápida evolución de la IA plantea dudas sobre sus consecuencias para las normas del comercio internacional.

The fast-evolving relationship between the promotion of welfare-enhancing competition and the balanced protection of intellectual property (IP) rights has attracted the attention of policymakers, analysts and scholars. This interest is inevitable in an environment that lays ever greater emphasis on the management of knowledge and innovation and on mechanisms to ensure that the public derives the expected social and economic benefits from this innovation and the spread of knowledge. This book looks at the positive linkage between IP and competition in jurisdictions around the world, surveying developments and policy issues from an international and comparative perspective. It includes analysis of key doctrinal and policy issues by leading academics and practitioners from around the globe and a cutting-edge survey of related developments across both developed and developing economies. It also situates current policy developments at the national level in the context of multilateral developments, at WIPO, WTO and elsewhere.

La publicación “WTO Ministerial Conferences: Key Outcomes” (Conferencias Ministeriales de la OMC: principales resultados) contiene todos los resultados más importantes de las Conferencias Ministeriales de la OMC celebradas desde el establecimiento de la Organización en 1995. El libro, en el que figura información sobre las 11 Conferencias Ministeriales que tuvieron lugar entre 1996 y 2017, incluye Decisiones y Declaraciones Ministeriales y declaraciones de los Presidentes. La publicación además reproduce resultados pertinentes de la Ronda Uruguay adoptados en relación con el establecimiento de la OMC.

La publication “Conférences ministérielles de l'OMC: principaux résultats” contient tous les principaux résultats des Conférences ministérielles de l'OMC depuis la création de l'Organisation en 1995. Couvrant les onze Conférences ministérielles tenues entre 1996 et 2017, les principaux résultats comprennent les décisions et déclarations ministérielles, ainsi que les déclarations des Présidents. La publication reproduit également les résultats ministériels pertinents du Cycle d'Uruguay adoptés en rapport avec l'institution de l'OMC.

Le supplément concernant la 13e Conférence ministérielle pour la publication intitulée “Conférences ministérielles de l’OMC, principaux résultats”

This book brings together contributions from the 14 WTO chair-holders of the first phase of the WTO Chairs Programme (2010-2014). The volume is divided into four sections, focusing on export diversification, the role of non-tariff measures, the rule of law in connecting to global markets, and the role of the Aid for Trade initiative in building trade capacity and overcoming supply side constraints.

Using electronic documents and transactions can speed up and increase trade. Electronic messages can eliminate the need to enter data into a computer manually at each supply chain checkpoint and can provide opportunities for the potential reuse of data. This toolkit aims at raising awareness of the technical and legal tools to be called upon to adopt cross-border paperless trade systems and national single windows.

This is an accessible guide to the vocabulary used in trade negotiations. It explains about 2,500 terms and concepts in simple language. Its main emphasis is on the multilateral trading system represented by the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition it covers many of the trade-related activities, outcomes and terms used in other international organizations, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OECD. The last five years have seen a rapid spread in the formation of free-trade areas in all parts of the world. This dictionary allocates generous space to the vocabulary associated with such agreements. It offers clear explanations, for example, of the concepts used in the administration of preferential rules of origin. Additional areas covered include emerging trade issues and issues based particularly on developing-country concerns.

Le présent ouvrage est un guide accessible du vocabulaire utilisé dans les négociations commerciales. Il explique, dans un langage simple, près de 3000 termes et concepts, en mettant l’accent sur le système commercial multilatéral représenté par les accords signés dans le cadre de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Il couvre également bon nombre d’activités, de résultats et de termes relatifs au commerce qui sont propres à d’autres organisations internationales, telles que la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED), l’Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle (OMPI), l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) et l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économique (OCDE). Au cours de la dernière décennie, une attention marquée a été accordée à la facilitation des échanges et de l’investissement, à la durabilité et à la formation de zones de libre-échange dans toutes les parties du monde. Le présent dictionnaire fait une large place au vocabulaire associé à cette situation nouvelle. Il explique clairement, par exemple, les concepts utilisés dans l’administration des règles d’origine préférentielles. Plus récemment, la facilitation des échanges a fait l’objet d’une attention redoublée. D’autres domaines sont couverts, notamment les nouvelles questions commerciales et les problèmes posés en particulier par les préoccupations des pays en développement. Walter Goode a été pendant de longues années fonctionnaire au Département des affaires étrangères et du commerce de l’Australie. En cette qualité, il a acquis une grande expérience dans la formulation de la politique commerciale internationale et la conduite des négociations commerciales bilatérales et multilatérales. Il a participé en particulier à des négociations et des réunions de l’APEC, du GATT, de l’OMC, de la CNUCED et de l’OCDE. Il a été affecté à des postes en relation avec le commerce à Genève, Beijing, Shanghai et Tokyo, et a organisé de nombreux cours de politique commerciale, en particulier sous les auspices de l’APEC. Il est maintenant à la retraite. Il a publié, entre autres ouvrages, Australian Traded Services, Uruguay Round Outcomes: Services, et Negotiating FreeTrade Agreements: A Guide.

The full texts of panel reports, Appellate Body reports and arbitration awards issued by the WTO. It is an essential resource for all trade lawyers and students studying international economic or trade law.

Cross‑border data flows are the lifeblood of today’s social and economic interactions, but they also raise a range of new challenges, including for privacy and data protection, national security, cybersecurity, digital protectionism and regulatory reach. This has led to a surge in regulation conditioning (or prohibiting) its flow or mandating that data be stored or processed domestically (data localisation). However, the economic implications of these measures are not well understood. This report provides estimates on what is at stake, highlighting that full fragmentation could reduce global GDP by 4.5%. It also underscores the benefits associated with open regimes with safeguards which could see global GDP increase by 1.7%. In a world where digital fragmentation is growing, global discussions on these issues can help harness the benefits of an open and safeguarded internet.

El comercio mundial abierto, respaldado por una "infraestructura de la calidad" eficaz, ha sido un factor importante en el rápido despliegue de tecnologías de energía solar fotovoltaica en todo el mundo. Mantener abiertos los mercados es de vital importancia para velar por que todos los países puedan beneficiarse de la energía solar fotovoltaica, que constituye un pilar del sistema energético sostenible de baja emisión de carbono necesario para contribuir al logro de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París y alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas. En el presente informe de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) y la Agencia Internacional de Energías Renovables (IRENA) se analiza la manera en que las políticas comerciales abiertas, transparentes e inclusivas pueden facilitar la reducción de los costos, el despliegue de componentes y la creación de empleo en el sector de la energía solar fotovoltaica, fortaleciendo la infraestructura crítica necesaria para combatir la pandemia de COVID-19 y respaldando las labores de reconstrucción de la economía mundial. En el informe se examina la necesidad de que los países desarrollen una infraestructura de la calidad robusta para promover el comercio seguro de bienes y servicios solares FV. De ese modo se reduciría el riesgo de que entren en la cadena de valor productos no fiables y garantizaría estabilidad a los inversores y a otros participantes en esa cadena. En el informe también se examina la necesidad de intensificar la cooperación internacional y se señala de qué manera la IRENA y la OMC pueden apoyar los esfuerzos encaminados a promover un mercado mundial seguro e inclusivo para la energía solar FV mediante el uso eficaz de la infraestructura de la calidad.

Esta publicación es el resultado de una colaboración entre la OMA y la OMC con el objetivo de comprender mejor la forma en que las tecnologías avanzadas punteras pueden ayudar a las autoridades aduaneras a facilitar el comercio, además de arrojar luz sobre las oportunidades y desafíos a que se enfrentan al hacer uso de las cadenas de bloques, el Internet de las cosas, los macrodatos, los análisis de datos, la inteligencia artificial y el aprendizaje automático.

La publicación "Estadísticas del comercio internacional" ofrece un panorama completo de la evolución más reciente en la esfera del comercio mundial e incluye detalles del comercio de mercancías por productos y del comercio de servicios comerciales por categorías.

La Ayuda para el Comercio tiene por objeto permitir a los países en desarrollo, y en particular a los países menos adelantados (PMA), utilizar el comercio para fomentar el crecimiento económico, el desarrollo sostenible y la reducción de la pobreza. Promueve la integración de los países en desarrollo, especialmente los PMA, en el sistema multilateral de comercio y su objetivo es movilizar el apoyo necesario para crear capacidad de oferta e infraestructura relacionada con el comercio en estos países a fin de mejorar los resultados comerciales. La presente publicación se basa en las respuestas al cuestionario facilitadas por los participantes en el marco del ejercicio conjunto de vigilancia y evaluación de la OCDE y la OMC de 2022, en el que se sustenta el Examen Global de la Ayuda para el Comercio 2022 de la OMC. En ella se analizan las respuestas al cuestionario de vigilancia y evaluación y se describen las esferas y cuestiones prioritarias relativas a la iniciativa de Ayuda para el Comercio para 2022 y los próximos años.

En los "Exámenes de las Políticas Comerciales" se analizan las políticas y prácticas comerciales de cada Miembro de la OMC. Los exámenes constan de tres partes: un informe independiente elaborado por la Secretaría de la OMC, un informe elaborado por el Gobierno, y las observaciones a modo de conclusión formuladas por el Presidente del Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales de la OMC. En la sección inicial -"principales datos sobre el comercio"- se ofrece un resumen gráfico de las principales exportaciones/importaciones, los principales destinos de exportación, los orígenes de las importaciones y otros datos importantes del Miembro de la OMC. En esta edición se examinan las prácticas comerciales de Argentina.

En los "Exámenes de las Políticas Comerciales" se analizan las políticas y prácticas comerciales de cada Miembro de la OMC. Los exámenes constan de tres partes: un informe independiente elaborado por la Secretaría de la OMC, un informe elaborado por el Gobierno, y las observaciones a modo de conclusión formuladas por el Presidente del Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales de la OMC. En la sección inicial -"principales datos sobre el comercio"- se ofrece un resumen gráfico de las principales exportaciones/importaciones, los principales destinos de exportación, los orígenes de las importaciones y otros datos importantes del Miembro de la OMC. En esta edición se examinan las prácticas comerciales de Nicaragua.

El Examen estadístico del comercio mundial pasa revista a las tendencias más recientes del comercio mundial y analiza en profundidad qué se comercia y quiénes son los actores clave. Los capítulos analíticos se complementan con más de 60 cuadros en que se desglosan de forma detallada las mercancías y los servicios objeto de comercio y los principales exportadores e importadores.