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The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty
The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty looks at the complex relationships between economic growth, poverty reduction and trade, and examines the challenges that poor people face in benefiting from trade opportunities. Written jointly by the World Bank Group and the WTO, the publication examines how trade could make a greater contribution to ending poverty by increasing efforts to lower trade costs, improve the enabling environment, implement trade policy in conjunction with other areas of policy, better manage risks faced by the poor, and improve data used for policy-making.
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The WTO Agreements
The Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization and its AnnexesThis publication contains the text of the WTO’s founding agreement, the 1994 Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, and its Annexes, including all amendments and additions since its entry into force until September 2017. These include an amendment to the WTO’s intellectual property agreement (TRIPS Agreement) aimed at improving developing countries’ access to medicines, the WTO’s Trade Facilitation Agreement, which entered into force in February 2017, an amendment adopted in July 2017 to extend the frequency of peer review periods under the Trade Policy Review Mechanism as of 2019, and the amended Government Procurement Agreement. This publication updates and replaces The Legal Texts: The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, which was first printed in 1994.
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The WTO Building
Art and Architecture at the Centre William RappardThe WTO Building provides a fascinating insight into the artwork and architecture of the Centre William Rappard (CWR), home of the World Trade Organization. The book describes the origins and evolution of the CWR, highlighting the many works of art created and donated to adorn the building over the years. It covers the extension of the CWR, the transformation of an inner courtyard into an atrium, and the latest steps taken to preserve the building’s historic artworks.
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The WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures, 3rd Edition
The third edition of The WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures collects together the treaty texts, decisions and agreed practices relating to the procedures that apply in the settlement of WTO disputes. It affords ready answers to technical questions relating to matters such as: how disputes are initiated and conducted, including at the appellate stage; what deadlines apply and how to calculate them; what rules of conduct bind individuals involved in WTO dispute settlement; and what rules of procedure apply to meetings of the Dispute Settlement Body. This highly practical work, which includes cross-references and a subject index, will prove invaluable to anyone working in WTO dispute settlement, including lawyers, civil servants working in the field of trade, economists, academics and students. This edition has been fully updated to take account of revised rules and procedures.
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The WTO Regime on Government Procurement
Originally an important but relatively obscure plurilateral instrument, the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) is now becoming a pillar of the WTO system as a result of important developments since the Uruguay Round. This collection examines the issues and challenges that this raises for the GPA, as well as future prospects for addressing government procurement at a multilateral level. Coverage includes issues relating to pending accessions to the GPA, particularly those of developing countries with a large state sector such as China; the revised (provisionally agreed) GPA text of 2006, including provisions on electronic procurement and Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries; and procurement provisions in regional trade agreements and their significance for the multilateral system. Attention is also given to emerging issues, especially those concerning environmental, social and SME policy; competition law; and the implications of the recent economic crisis.
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The WTO at Ten
The Contribution of the Dispute Settlement SystemBringing together articles by some of the leading policy-makers, including previous WTO Director-Generals, practitioners, scholars of international trade law, government officials, international civil servants, Members of the WTO Appellate Body, and judges from a number of international tribunals, this volume assesses the dispute settlement system during the first ten years of the World Trade Organization. It examines the relationship and balance between political governance and dispute settlement; the functioning of the dispute settlement procedures and various reform proposals; the contribution of the Appellate Body to the development of international trade law; and treaty interpretation in a number of international dispute settlement fora such as the WTO, the International Court of Justice, the European Court of Justice, and the Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The book has its origins in a series of events commemorating the tenth anniversary of the creation of the WTO dispute settlement system and the Appellate Body.
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The WTO at Twenty
Challenges and AchievementsThis new edition provides an introduction to the WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture, outlining its key principles, the work of the Agriculture Committee, and how disputes have interpreted WTO law on agriculture. The publication includes the full text of the Agriculture Agreement as well as the decisions taken on agriculture at the 2013 Bali Ministerial Conference. A frequently asked questions section provides a handy overview of the Agriculture Agreement and the issues covered by it. The publication also provides an update on agriculture negotiations at the WTO. This publication forms part of the WTO Agreements Series, a set of compact booklets on selected WTO agreements. Other publications in the series include Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade.
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The WTO in the Twenty-First Century
Trois questions importantes seront déterminantes pour l'avenir de l'OMC: le règlement des différends, les négociations et l'intégration régionale. Le règlement des différends est généralement considéré comme l'un des succès majeurs de l'OMC durant ses dix premières années d'existence. La conclusion des négociations du Cycle de Doha est l'un de ses principaux défis. L'intégration régionale est désormais au premier plan du débat alors que les accords régionaux prolifèrent et que les décideurs et les universitaires prennent la mesure de leur incidence sur le système commercial multilatéral. Ces questions, et leur interaction, sont traitées par d'éminents spécialistes et professionnels du droit commercial international originaires d'Amérique du Nord, d'Europe et de la région Asie Pacifique. En outre, des sections spécifiques sont consacrées à la région Asie Pacifique, à sa participation au règlement des différends et aux négociations dans le cadre de l'OMC, et aux tendances récentes à une plus grande intégration régionale.AE1:AE10
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Time Series on International Trade
This site provides a searchable database on international trade in merchandise and commercial services. The data are presented according to the product definitions and regional groupings specified in the technical notes.
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Trade Adjustment in Asia
Past Experiences and Lessons LearnedAsia’s economic success over the past four decades has been built on a strategy of export promotion coupled with trade opening. Poverty rates throughout the region have fallen dramatically, especially in countries that have succeeded in integrating into regional or global value chains. However, this economic success has been accompanied by structural changes, such as the need for workers to change roles, sectors, and sometimes regions. Faced with increased foreign competition, firms have been forced to reorganize and quickly adopt new technologies. Despite the importance of this adjustment process, relatively little empirical evidence exists. This volume aims to close this gap by providing new insights into how Asia’s labor markets and firms have adjusted to trade opening. Written by leading trade economists with expertise in the region, the publication shows that trade opening has led to a more efficient allocation of capital and labor, but this has been accompanied by significant adjustment costs. The book sheds light on the effects of trade on workers and firms, with the aim of improving understanding of the adjustment process and contributing to the debate on how to make globalization work for all.
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Trade Costs and Inclusive Growth: Case Studies Presented by WTO Chair-Holders
Trade costs and inclusive growth: case studies presented by WTO chair-holders
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Trade Finance and SMEs
Bridging the Gaps in ProvisionTrade finance plays a key role in helping developing countries participate in global trade. Easing the supply of credit in regions where trade potential is the greatest could have a big impact in helping small businesses grow and in supporting the development of the poorest countries. This publication takes a detailed look at trade finance and emphasises the importance of multilateral agencies working together.
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Trade Impacts of LDC Graduation
A new report issued by the WTO on 8 May seeks to help least developed countries (LDCs) better understand the trade-related implications of graduation from LDC status. The product of a joint effort between the WTO and the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF), “Trade Impacts of LDC Graduation” looks at how graduation may affect LDCs’ participation in world trade, including their access to export markets, and implications for their WTO commitments.
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Trade Impacts of LDC Graduation
Insights from Country-Specific Market Access AnalysesGraduation from the status of least-developed country (LDC) marks an important milestone in the development path of each LDC. At the same time, the phasing-out of international support measures associated with LDC status, including trade preferences and special treatment in the WTO, could present challenges for graduating LDCs in their efforts to continue integration into the global economy. A quarter of LDCs were on track to graduate from LDC status prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. “Trade impacts of LDC graduation: Insights from countryspecific market access analyses” complements the report “Trade impacts of LDC graduation” issued in May 2020, and examines in greater detail the impact of graduation on preferential market access for each of the 12 graduating LDCs. The report looks at the export structure of graduating LDCs, the likely increase of tariffs on their exported products and projected changes in trade flows employing a partial equilibrium model. It sheds light on products and destination markets that require specific attention from graduating LDCs as they prepare for graduation.
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Trade Multilateralism in the 21st Century
Trade multilateralism in the twenty-first-century century faces a serious test as weakness in the global economy and fast-paced technological changes create a challenging environment for world trade. This book examines how an updated and robust, rules-based multilateral framework, anchored in the WTO, remains indispensable to maximizing the benefits of global economic integration and to reviving world trade. By examining recent accessions to the WTO, it reveals how the growing membership of the WTO has helped to support domestic reforms and to strengthen the rules-based framework of the WTO. It argues that the new realities of the twenty-first century require an upgrade to the architecture of the multilateral trading system. By erecting its 'upper floors' on the foundation of existing trade rules, the WTO can continue to adapt to a fast-changing environment and to maximize the benefits brought about by its ever-expanding membership.
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Trade Patterns and Global Value Chains in East Asia
From Trade in Goods to Trade in TasksThe increasing internationalization of supply chains is challenging our interpretation of conventional trade statistics, as traditional concepts like country of origin, or the distinction between goods and services, become blurred. This publication, jointly produced by the WTO and the Institute of Developing Economies — Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO), focuses on the factors that have helped to shape global production.
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Trade Policy Reviews
Monitoring of national trade policies is a fundamentally important activity running throughout the work of the WTO. At the centre of this work is the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). All WTO members are reviewed, the frequency of each member’s review varying according to its share of world trade. For each review, two documents are prepared: a policy statement by the government under review, and a detailed report written independently by the WTO Secretariat. These two reports, together with the conclusions of the Chair of the Trade Policy Review Body, are published shortly after the meeting.
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Trade Profiles
"Trade Profiles" provides two-pages snapshots of the most relevant indicators on merchandise trade, services and intellectual property for over 200 economies, including all WTO members.
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Trade Profiles
The Trade Profiles provide standard information on the structural trade situation and trade policy measures of members, observers and other selected economies. The profiles are complemented with general macroeconomic indicators.
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Trade and Climate Change
WTO-UNEP ReportWhat do we know about climate change? What is the relationship between trade and climate change? How does trade affect greenhouse gas emissions and can more open trade help to address climate change? What is the range of national measures that can contribute to global mitigation efforts? These are just some of the questions discussed by this report by the World Trade Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme.
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Trade and Employment
Challenges for Policy ResearchOn the basis of an overview of the existing academic economic literature, the study provides an impartial view of what can be said, and with what degree of confidence, on the relationship between trade and employment, an often contentious issue of public debate. Its focus is on the connections between trade policies, and labour and social policies and it will be useful to all those who are interested in this debate: academics and policy-makers, workers and employers, trade and labour specialists.
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Trade and Environment at the WTO
Developed to assist public understanding of the trade and environment debate in the WTO, this document briefly presents its history and focuses on trade and environment related issues within the Doha mandate, the effects of trade liberalization on the environment, the relationship between multilateral environmental agreements and the WTO, and a review of trade disputes involving environmental issues.
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Trade and Food Standards
Co-published by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
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Trade and Poverty Reduction
New Evidence of Impacts in Developing CountriesGlobal trade has contributed strongly to reducing poverty but important challenges remain in making trade work for the poorest. This publication presents eight case studies to reveal how trade can help to reduce poverty in developing countries. It focuses on four constraints faced by the extremely poor – namely that they tend to live in rural areas, work in the informal sector, live in fragile and conflict-affected regions and face gender inequality. The case studies identify ways to overcome these constraints, including through the adoption of policies that maximize the contribution of trade to poverty reduction. The studies also highlight the ongoing gaps in data and research that constrain policy-making. The publication is a follow-up to The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty, co-published by the WTO and the World Bank in 2015, which examined the challenges the poor face in benefiting from trade opportunities. The country-specific approach of this new publication complements the global perspective of the previous report.
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Trade and Poverty Reduction in the Asia-Pacific Region
This book explores the complex relationship between international trade and poverty reduction through a combination of research papers and contemporary case studies. Written mainly by developing-country authors in consultation with local businesses and communities, the case studies contribute to our understanding of the ways in which low-income communities are dealing with trade as a practical challenge, especially in the Asia-Pacific region where approximately two-thirds of the world’s poor live. While making it clear that there is no ‘one size fits all’ formula, the research and stories highlight a number of necessary preconditions, such as political commitment and cooperation at all levels, if trade is to successfully reduce poverty. Openness to trade, serious commitment to domestic reform, trade-related capacity building, a robust and responsible private sector and access to the markets of developed countries are all identified as powerful tools for building trade-related sustainable development.
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Trade finance and the compliance challenge
A showcase of international cooperationThe availability of trade finance has become an increasingly important issue in the past few years. As international banks have become less willing to provide trade finance guarantees, particularly in developing countries, this has reduced the capacity of local banks to provide credit to businesses wishing to trade, leading to a significant gap between the demand and supply of trade finance. Small and medium-sized enterprises have been especially hard-hit by this trade finance gap. This publication delves into the global trade finance gap and the reasons for the growing reluctance of the global financial sector to engage in this form of financing. It examines the challenges of regulatory compliance and describes the efforts of international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Finance Corporation, to respond to this issue. It also presents case studies of the capacity-building programmes organized by multilateral development banks which aim to improve the availability of trade finance.
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Trading into a Bright Energy Future
The Case for Open, High-Quality Solar Photovoltaic MarketsOpen global trade, supported by a well-functioning “quality infrastructure”, has been an important factor in the rapid deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies around the world. Keeping markets open is critically important to ensure that all countries can benefit from solar PV, a pillar of the low-carbon, sustainable energy system needed to help achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement and fulfil the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. This report by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) looks at how open, transparent and inclusive trade policies can support cost reductions, deployment of components and job creation in the solar PV sector, strengthening the critical infrastructure needed to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and supporting efforts to rebuild the world economy. The report examines the need for countries to develop a robust quality infrastructure to promote safe trade in solar PV goods and services. This would reduce the risks of unreliable products entering the value chain, and ensure stability for investors and other participants in the value chain. The report also looks at the need to strengthen international cooperation, and demonstrates how IRENA and the WTO can support efforts to promote a secure and inclusive global solar PV market through the effective use of quality infrastructure.
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Twenty Years of the WTO
A Retrospective20 Years of the WTO: A retrospective provides an overview of the first two decades of the arbiter of the multilateral trading system. A selection of compelling images and excerpts guides the reader through the history of the organization. Readers will uncover the origins, mission, composition, functioning and key figures of the organization, all the while exploring the challenges it has faced, and how it has worked to meet these challenges.
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WIPO-WTO colloquium papers
The WIPO-WTO Colloquium Papers is a peer-reviewed academic journal, published jointly by the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization each year since 2010. Providing a uniquely representative and diverse showcase for emerging IP scholarship from across the globe, the journal aims to stimulate analysis and debate on intellectual property (IP) issues particularly of interest to developing countries. And it offers an avenue for the dissemination of a broader and more geographically diverse and representative range of scholarship than is common in much of the academic literature on IP law and policy.
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WTO Accessions and Trade Multilateralism
Trois questions importantes seront déterminantes pour l'avenir de l'OMC: le règlement des différends, les négociations et l'intégration régionale. Le règlement des différends est généralement considéré comme l'un des succès majeurs de l'OMC durant ses dix premières années d'existence. La conclusion des négociations du Cycle de Doha est l'un de ses principaux défis. L'intégration régionale est désormais au premier plan du débat alors que les accords régionaux prolifèrent et que les décideurs et les universitaires prennent la mesure de leur incidence sur le système commercial multilatéral. Ces questions, et leur interaction, sont traitées par d'éminents spécialistes et professionnels du droit commercial international originaires d'Amérique du Nord, d'Europe et de la région Asie Pacifique. En outre, des sections spécifiques sont consacrées à la région Asie Pacifique, à sa participation au règlement des différends et aux négociations dans le cadre de l'OMC, et aux tendances récentes à une plus grande intégration régionale.AE1:AE10
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WTO Agreements & Public Health
A Joint Study by the WHO and the WTO SecretariatThis joint study by the World Health Organization and the World Trade Organization Secretariat on the relationship between trade rules and public health. The study explains how WTO Agreements relate to different aspects of health policies. It is meant to give a better insight into key issues for those who develop, communicate or debate policy issues related to trade and health. The study covers areas such as drugs and intellectual property rights, food safety, tobacco and many other issues which have been subject to passionate debate. In this joint effort, the first of its kind, WHO and the WTO Secretariat endeavour to set out the facts.
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WTO Agreements Series
The WTO's Agreements are the legal foundation for the international trading system that is used by the bulk of the world's trading nations. This series offers a set of handy reference booklets on selected Agreements.
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WTO Analytical Index
The "WTO Analytical Index" is a comprehensive guide to the interpretation and application of the WTO agreements by the Appellate Body, dispute settlement panels and other WTO bodies. It contains extracts of key pronouncements and findings from tens of thousands of pages of WTO jurisprudence, including panel reports, Appellate Body reports, arbitral decisions and awards, and decisions of WTO committees, councils and other WTO bodies.
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WTO Appellate Body Repertory
"The Repertory" covers all rulings of the Appellate Body, a seven-member body that hears appeals from WTO members regarding dispute panel findings.
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WTO Dispute Settlement: One-Page Case Summaries
"One-Page Case Summaries" provides a succinct summary of all disputes brought to the WTO. It covers the findings of the dispute panel report for each case and the subsequent Appellate Body report in cases where WTO members appealed the original ruling.
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WTO Domestic Regulation and Services Trade
Domestic regulation of services sectors has a significant impact on services trade liberalization, which is why General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) disciplines are negotiated in the WTO. With the help of analyses and case-studies from academics, regulators and trade experts, this book explores the scope and limits of WTO legal principles to promote domestic regulatory reform. Case-studies discuss country-specific challenges and experiences of regulating important service sectors, such as finance, telecommunications, distribution, legal, education, health, postal and logistics services, as well as the role of regulatory impact assessments. The findings will interest trade officials, policy-makers, regulators, think tanks and businesses concerned with the implications of domestic regulation on access to services markets, and with the opportunities for formulating trade disciplines in this area. It is also a useful resource for academics and students researching regulatory approaches and practices in services sectors.
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WTO Ministerial Conferences
Key OutcomesKey outcomes from WTO Ministerial Conferences since the organization was established in 1995.
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WTO Public Forum 2011
Seeking Answers to Global trade ChallengesThe sessions held during the 2011 Public Forum triggered a frank and open debate on the principal global challenges for the multilateral trading system. The Forum also sought to identify practical and effective solutions and ways forward to enable the WTO to adapt and respond effectively to our fast-changing world. A chapter is devoted to each of the sessions held during the three-day programme.
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WTO Public Forum 2012
Is multilateralism in crisis?The 2012 WTO Public Forum posed the question: “Is multilateralism in crisis?”, providing an opportunity for participants from a variety of backgrounds to discuss this question across the three-day event. The themes of the Forum included formulating new approaches to multilateral trade opening in areas such as trade facilitation, addressing 21st-century issues and identifying areas in need of new regulations, and examining the role of non-state actors in strengthening the multilateral trading system. This publication contains summaries of all of the sessions held and reports on the results of the WTO Youth Ambassador Programme and Ideas Workshops.
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WTO Working Papers
WTO working papers usually represent research in progress. Such research may be conducted in the preparation of WTO Secretariat reports, studies or other material for WTO members. The papers are circulated for comment because the WTO considers critical review of professional research to be extremely important.
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WTO in Brief
In brief, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
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Women and Trade
The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender EqualityTrade can dramatically improve women’s lives, creating new jobs, enhancing consumer choices, and increasing women’s bargaining power in society. It can also lead to job losses and a concentration of work in low-skilled employment. Given the complexity and specificity of the relationship between trade and gender, it is essential to assess the potential impact of trade policy on both women and men and to develop appropriate, evidence-based policies to ensure that trade helps to enhance opportunities for all. Research on gender equality and trade has been constrained by limited data and a lack of understanding of the connections among the economic roles that women play as workers, consumers, and decision makers. Building on new analyses and new sex-disaggregated data, Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality aims to advance the understanding of the relationship between trade and gender equality and to identify a series of opportunities through which trade can improve the lives of women.
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World Tariff Profiles
"World Tariff Profiles" provides a unique collection of data on tariffs imposed by WTO members and other economies. It is jointly published by the WTO, the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
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World Trade Report
The "World Trade Report" is an annual publication that aims to deepen understanding about trends in trade, trade policy issues and the multilateral trading system.
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World Trade Statistical Review
The "World Trade Statistical Review" series provides a detailed analysis of the latest developments in world trade. It will be produced on an annual basis and replaces the series "International Trade Statistics", the WTO's former annual statistical publication.
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¿Pueden las cadenas de bloques revolucionar el comercio internacional?
El progreso tecnológico siempre ha condicionado el comercio. En los últimos años, muchos observadores han saludado la aparición de una nueva tecnología, las cadenas de bloques, como el nuevo factor que transformará de manera radical el panorama comercial. ¿Pueden las cadenas de bloques revolucionar el comercio internacional? El objetivo de la presente publicación es desmitificar el fenómeno de las cadenas de bloques aportando una explicación básica de esta tecnología. En el documento se analiza la importancia que tiene esta tecnología para el comercio internacional, indicando cómo se utiliza en la actualidad y cómo podría llegar a utilizarse en diversas esferas abarcadas por las normas de la OMC. Del análisis se desprende en qué medida podría la adopción de esta tecnología afectar al comercio transfronterizo de mercancías y servicios y a los derechos de propiedad intelectual. El documento examina las posibilidades que ofrecen las cadenas de bloques para reducir los costes del comercio y mejorar la transparencia en las cadenas de suministro, así como las oportunidades que brinda a los pequeños productores y las pequeñas empresas. Por último, el documento repasa los distintos retos que es necesario superar para que la tecnología pueda utilizarse a gran escala e incidir de manera significativa en el comercio internacional.
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Annual Report 1998
The Annual report of the WTO focuses on the regular activities of the organization, the details of its current structure, staff and budget. The Annual report is published in the first half of each year.
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Arbitration Reports
Arbitration reports determine the reasonable period of time for a WTO member to comply with the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body and the level of retaliation that a WTO member may undertake in situations where a WTO member has not complied within the prescribed time.
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Examen Estadístico del Comercio Mundial 2016
El Examen estadístico del comercio mundial ofrece un análisis detallado de la evolución reciente del comercio mundial. Este informe se elaborará con carácter anual y reemplaza la anterior publicación estadística anual de la OMC, Estadísticas del comercio internacional.
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Examen Statistique du Commerce Mondial 2016
L'Examen statistique du commerce mondial présente une analyse détaillée de l'évolution la plus récente du commerce mondial. Il paraîtra tous les ans et remplace les “Statistiques du commerce international”, la publication statistique annuelle précédente de l'OMC.
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Informe Anual 1998
El Informe anual de la OMC se centra en las actividades ordinarias de la organización y los detalles de su estructura, personal y presupuesto actuales.
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Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2003
El tema principal del Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2003 es el desarrollo. Al explicar el origen de esta cuestión y ofrecer un marco analítico para abordar la cuestión de la relación entre comercio y desarrollo, se pretende que el Informe contribuya a un debate más informado y a una mejor apreciación de las distintas opciones disponibles para abordar los problemas de política.
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Informes de Arbitraje
Los Informes de arbitraje determinan el período de tiempo razonable para que un miembro de la OMC cumpla con las recomendaciones y resoluciones del Órgano de Solución de Diferencias y el nivel de represalias que un miembro de la OMC puede asumir en situaciones en las que un miembro de la OMC no ha cumplido dentro del tiempo establecido.
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International Trade Statistics 2003
The International Trade Statistics 2003 contains up-to-date statistics on trade in merchandise and commercial services for an assessment of world trade flows by country, region and main product groups or service categories.
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Overview of Developments in the International Trading Environment - Annual Report by the Director-General (2009)
October 2008 to October 2009Lamy calls for exit strategies on temporary trade restrictions and subsidies: Director-General Pascal Lamy, in his annual report on trade and trade-related developments in 2009, said that “although there have been instances of slippage, in general terms the world economy is about as open for trade today as it was before the crisis started.” He called on members “to devise and announce exit strategies to remove trade restrictions and production subsidies that they have introduced temporarily to counteract the effects of the crisis, and start implementing those strategies as soon as domestic economic recovery takes hold.”
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Rapport Annuel 1998
Le Rapport annuel de l'OMC se concentre sur les activités régulières de l'organisation et détaille sa structure actuelle, incluant le personnel et le budget.
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Rapport sur le Commerce Mondial 2003
Le rapport sur le commerce mondial 2003 est entièrement centré sur le développement. En expliquant la génèse du problème et en proposant un cadre d'analyse dans lequel traiter la question des rapports entre commerce et développement, il vise à aider chacun à débattre en toute connaissance de cause et à mieux évaluer les options qui s'offrent aux gouvernements pour faire face aux défis du moment.
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Rapports d'Arbitrage
Les Rapports d'arbitrage déterminent le délai raisonnable qu'un membre de l'OMC pour se conformer aux recommandations et décisions de l'Organe de règlement des différends et le niveau de représailles qu'un membre de l'OMC peut engager dans les cas où un membre de l'OMC ne s'est pas conformé dans le délai imparti.
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Report on G20 Trade Measures (2010)
May 2010 to October 2010G20 governments continue to resist protectionist pressures but risks remain: A joint report by the WTO, OECD and UNCTAD released on 4 November 2010 for the Group of 20 biggest economies, ahead of their meeting in Seoul on 11 November, says that by and large, G20 governments have continued to resist protectionist pressures. But it also warns of potential dangers in the months ahead because of persistent high levels of unemployment and tensions over foreign exchange rates.
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Report to the TPRB from the Director-General on Trade-Related Developments (2010)
1 November 2009 to Mid-May 2010WTO-OECD-UNCTAD: Despite crisis, G20 governments largely resist protectionist pressures: The WTO, OECD and UNCTAD, in a joint report on G20 trade and investment measures released on 14 June 2010, noted the imposition of fewer trade restrictions but warned “they are accumulating”. In a separate report to WTO members on trade-related developments, Director-General Pascal Lamy confirmed this trend but urged governments to remain “vigilant” and to give priority to “exiting current restricting measures”. The OECD and UNCTAD also released a separate report on G20 investment measures.
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Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
The WTO Agreements SeriesThe WTO Secretariat has prepared this booklet to assist public understanding of the SPS Agreement, it concerns the application of food safety and animal and plant health regulations. The first section of the booklet presents the basic structure of WTO agreements; the second looks at the key features of the SPS Agreement; the third addresses a number of frequently-asked questions; and the fourth is the legal text of the agreement.
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Services Profiles 2013
Services Profiles 2013 provides statistics on key “infrastructure services”, i.e. transportation, telecommunications, finance and insurance, for 140 economies. The information is derived from multiple sources, such as national accounts, employment statistics, balance of payments statistics, foreign affiliates’ trade in services (FATS) statistics, foreign direct investment (FDI) statistics and quantitative indicators largely sourced from international/regional organizations and specialized bodies.
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Status of WTO Legal Instruments
2015 EditionStatus of WTO Legal Instruments covers the legal instruments drawn up by WTO members in relation to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization and the plurilateral trade agreements annexed to that Agreement. For each legal instrument, information is provided regarding signature, acceptance, ratification, accession and entry into force. The relevant final clauses of each instrument are also included. The cut-off point for information in this publication is end-April 2015.
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Trade Policy Review: OECS 2008
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of OECS.
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Trade Profiles 2006
This booklet is a quick source for national and trade statistics of WTO Members and countries which are in the process of negotiating WTO membership. These Trade Profiles combine information on trade flows and trade policy measures of Members, Observers and other selected economies. The information is retrieved from various WTO Divisions and external sources and presented in standardized format for quick reference. The indicators are divided into five categories: Basic economic indicators – population, GDP, current account balance, etc. Trade policy indicators – specific WTO relevant information, including tariff binding information, import duties collected in total tax revenue, the number of dispute rulings(complainant, defendant), notifications outstanding and contingency measures in force. Merchandise trade indicators (customs-based statistics) – information on total trade flows broken down by broad product categories and major origins and destinations. Commercial services indicators (balance of payments based statistics) – trends in total trade flows and a breakdown by major components. Industrial property indicators – annual number of patents granted and marks registered in the name of residents and non-residents in the economy.
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Trade and Tariffs
Trade Grows as Tariffs DeclineOver the past 20 years, global trade in goods has nearly quadrupled, reaching US$ 19 trillion in 2013 compared with US$ 5 trillion in 1996. This represents an annual growth rate of 7.6 per cent on average. Over the same period, there has been a 15 per cent reduction in average tariffs applied by WTO members. This brochure, produced to mark the WTO’s 20th anniversary, looks at the evolution of trade and tariffs over the past 20 years.
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WTO Appellate Body Repertory of Reports and Awards, 1995–2013, 5th edition
Trade multilateralism in the twenty-first-century century faces a serious test as weakness in the global economy and fast-paced technological changes create a challenging environment for world trade. This book examines how an updated and robust, rules-based multilateral framework, anchored in the WTO, remains indispensable to maximizing the benefits of global economic integration and to reviving world trade. By examining recent accessions to the WTO, it reveals how the growing membership of the WTO has helped to support domestic reforms and to strengthen the rules-based framework of the WTO. It argues that the new realities of the twenty-first century require an upgrade to the architecture of the multilateral trading system. By erecting its 'upper floors' on the foundation of existing trade rules, the WTO can continue to adapt to a fast-changing environment and to maximize the benefits brought about by its ever-expanding membership.
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WTO Dispute Settlement: One-Page Case Summaries, 1995-2012
2013 editionWTO Dispute Settlement: One-Page Case Summaries provides a succinct summary of the key findings of every dispute panel report up to the end of 2011 and, where applicable, the subsequent Appellate Body report. Each one-page summary comprises three sections: the core facts; the key findings contained in the reports; and, where relevant, other matters of particular significance. The disputes are presented in chronological order (by dispute settlement number). Two indexes at the end of the publication list the disputes by WTO agreement and by WTO member responding to the complaint.
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World Tariff Profiles 2013
World Tariff Profiles 2013 — a joint publication of the WTO, the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) — provides comprehensive tariff information on all WTO members and a number of other countries where data is available. It is the only compilation of tariff information of its kind available to researchers and negotiators. The publication summarizes the market access that each country offers to imports as well as the market access conditions faced by its products in its major export markets. The profiles show both the maximum tariff rates that are legally “bound” in the WTO and the rates that countries actually apply. The technical annex in this year’s issue focuses on WTO members’ participation in regional trade agreements (RTAs), with complementary data provided on tariff elimination in RTAs notified under the WTO’s Transparency Mechanism.
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World Trade Report 2003
The World Trade Report is a new annual WTO publication focused on trade trends and policy issues. The 2003 edition examines developments in South-South trade, trends in commodity markets, and the growth of Regional Trade Agreements.
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World Trade Statistical Review 2016
This new publication replaces the WTO’s annual flagship publication, "International Trade Statistics". "Statistical Review of International Trade 2016" provides a detailed analysis of the latest developments in world trade, focusing on the most recent trends in goods and services trade and the participation of developing economies in world trade. The publication also looks ahead to future developments. The analytical chapters are complemented by a statistical appendix containing over 60 tables providing detailed data on trade by region and sector. The publication serves as an invaluable reference tool for researchers, policy makers and anyone interested in international trade.
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Annual Report 2007
The Annual Report of the World Trade Organization focuses on the main activities of the organization and details of its current structure, staff and budget. This is a companion report to the World Trade Report, the World Tariff Profiles and the International Trade Statistics.
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Informe Anual 2007
El Informe anual de la OMC se centra en las actividades ordinarias de la organización y los detalles de su estructura, personal y presupuesto actuales.
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Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2012
Las medidas de reglamentación en el ámbito del comercio de mercancías y servicios plantean retos nuevos y urgentes para la cooperación internacional en el siglo XXI. En el Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2012 se examinan las razones por las que los gobiernos recurren a estas medidas no arancelarias y el grado en que dichas medidas pueden distorsionar el comercio internacional.
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Overview of Developments in the International Trading Environment: Annual Report by the Director-General (2018)
October 2017 to October 2018The Director-General’s annual overview on trade-related developments presented to members on 11 December at a meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB) shows a significant increase in trade coverage of trade restrictive measures by WTO members from mid-October 2017 to mid-October 2018. While members continued to implement trade-facilitating measures, the trade coverage of the import-restrictive measures was more than seven times larger than that recorded in the previous annual overview. The report provides the first WTO-wide factual insight into the trade restrictive measures imposed in the context of current trade tensions and calls on WTO members to use all means at their disposal to de-escalate the situation.
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Rapport Annuel 2007
Le Rapport annuel de l'OMC se concentre sur les activités régulières de l'organisation et détaille sa structure actuelle, incluant le personnel et le budget.
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Rapport sur le Commerce Mondial 2012
Les mesures de réglementation visant le commerce des marchandises et des services sont la source de nouvelles difficultés très préoccupantes pour la coopération internationale au XXIe siècle. Le rapport sur le commerce mondial 2012 examine les raisons pour lesquelles les gouvernements ont recours à ces mesures non tarifaires et l'ampleur des distorsions des échanges internationaux qu'elles sont susceptibles de créer.
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Report on G20 Trade Measures (2015)
Mid-October 2014 to Mid-May 2015WTO sees “slight deceleration” in G20 trade restrictions but calls for continued vigilance: The WTO’s thirteenth trade monitoring report on G20 trade measures, issued on 15 June, shows a slight deceleration in the application of new trade-restrictive measures by G20 economies, with the average number of such measures applied per month lower than at any time since 2013. The report also underlines that it is not yet clear that this deceleration will continue and it calls on G20 leaders to show continued vigilance and reinforced determination towards eliminating existing trade restrictions.
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Report to the TPRB from the Director-General on Trade-Related Developments
Mid-October 2018 to mid-May 2019Trade-restrictive measures continue at historically high level: Trade flows hit by new restrictions implemented by WTO members continued at a historically high level between mid-October 2018 and mid-May 2019, according to the Director-General’s latest mid-year report on trade-related developments presented to members on 22 July. The report, which was reviewed at a meeting of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body, notes that the trade coverage of import-restrictive measures implemented during the review period is estimated at USD 339.5 billion, the second-highest figure on record after the USD 588.3 billion reported in the previous period. Together, these two periods represent a dramatic spike in the trade coverage of import-restrictive measures.
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Trade Policy Review: Mexico 2008
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member’s major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Mexico.
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Trade Profiles 2015
Trade Profiles 2015 provides one-page snapshots of the most relevant indicators on growth, trade and trade policy measures for over 200 economies, including all 161 WTO members. The data provided include basic economic indicators (such as gross domestic product), trade policy indicators (such as tariffs, import duties, the number of disputes, notifications outstanding and contingency measures in force), merchandise trade flows (broken down by broad product categories and major origins and destinations), services trade flows (with a breakdown by major components) and industrial property indicators.
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Trade in Services
The Most Dynamic Segment of International TradeOver the past 20 years, trade in services has become the most dynamic segment of world trade, growing more quickly than trade in goods. Developing countries and transition economies have played an increasingly important role in this area, increasing their share in exports of world services from a quarter to one-third over this period. This brochure, produced to mark the WTO’s 20th anniversary, looks into the General Agreement on Trade in Services and WTO members’ commitments.
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World Trade Report 2012
Trade and Public Policies: A Closer Look at Non-Tariff Measures in the 21st CenturyRegulatory measures for trade in goods and services raise new and pressing challenges for international cooperation in the 21st century. The World Trade Report 2012 examines why governments use these non-tariff measures and to what extent such measures may distort international trade. Non-tariff measures (NTMs) can serve legitimate public policy goals, such as protecting the health of consumers, but they may also be used for protectionist purposes. The Report reveals how the expansion of global production chains, climate change and the growing importance of consumer concerns in richer countries affect the use of NTMs. It also reports that such measures represent the main source of concerns for exporters. The focus of the Report is on technical barriers to trade (TBT) regarding standards for manufactured goods, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures concerning food safety and animal/plant health, and domestic regulation in services. The Report looks at the availability of information on NTMs and the latest trends concerning usage. It discusses the impact that NTMs have on trade and examines how regulatory harmonization and/or mutual recognition of standards may help to reduce any trade-hindering effects. Finally, the Report looks at international cooperation on NTMs.
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Trade Policy Review: OECS-WTO members 2014
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of the OECS.
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Trade Policy Review: Oman 2014
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Oman.
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Trade Policy Review: Panama 2014
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Panama.
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Trade Policy Review: Qatar 2014
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Qatar.
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Trade Policy Review: Tonga 2014
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Tonga.
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Trade Policy Review: USA 2014
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of the USA.
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Trade Policy Review: Australia 2015
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Australia.
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Trade Policy Review: Barbados 2015
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Barbados.
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Trade Policy Review: Brunei Darussalam 2015
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Brunei Darussalam.
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Trade Policy Review: Canada 2015
“Trade Policy Reviews” analyse the trade policies and practices of each member of the WTO. The reviews consist of three parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The opening section - “key trade facts” - provides a visual overview of the WTO member's major exports/imports, main export destinations, origins for its imports and other key data. This edition looks into the trade practices of Canada.
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Annual Report 2008
The 2008 Annual Report of the WTO focuses on the activities of the organization in 2007 and details its current structure, staff and budget. Includes detailed progress reports on various aspects of the Doha negotiations and an overview of some of the main developments within the WTO.
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Informe Anual 2008
El Informe anual de la OMC 2008, centrado en las actividades de la Organización en 2007, trata con detalle su estructura, personal y presupuesto actuales.
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Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2013
Factores que determinan el futuro del comercioEl mundo está cambiando con extraordinaria rapidez bajo la influencia de numerosos factores, entre otros, la evolución de las pautas de producción y consumo, la constante innovación tecnológica, las nuevas formas de comerciar y, evidentemente, las políticas. El Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2013 se centra en el comercio como causa y efecto del cambio, y examina los factores que configuran el futuro del comercio mundial.
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International Trade Statistics 2008
International Trade Statistics 2008 offers a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in world trade, covering the details of merchandise trade by product and trade in commercial services by category. Each chapter is introduced by a highlights section that identifies the most salient trends in the data and illustrates them with numerous charts and maps. There is also a methodological chapter that explains essential concepts and definitions used in compiling the statistics, and an appendix with detailed data on trade by region through 2007. This year’s edition expands the coverage of merchandise trade, including new tables on exports and imports of food and fuels by selected economies. With these additions, International Trade Statistics 2008 will continue to serve as an invaluable reference for researchers, policy makers, and anyone interested in international trade.
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Overview of Developments in the International Trading Environment - Annual Report by the Director-General (2019)
Mid-October 2018 to Mid-October 2019The Director-General’s annual overview of trade-related developments discussed on 12 December at a meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body shows that trade restrictions by WTO members continue at historically high levels. Between mid-October 2018 and mid-October 2019, the trade coverage of import-restrictive measures implemented by members was estimated at USD 747 billion. This is the highest trade coverage recorded since October 2012 and represents an increase of 27% compared to the figure recorded in the previous annual overview (USD 588 billion). The report notes that new trade restrictions and increasing trade tensions added to the uncertainty surrounding international trade and the world economy.
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Perfiles Comerciales 2016
Los Perfiles arancelarios en el mundo 2016 ofrecen una información exhaustiva sobre las medidas arancelarias y no arancelarias impuestas por más de 195 países y territorios aduaneros. For each economy, the data is presented in a handy two-page format, providing a concise overview of global trade.
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Profils Commerciaux 2016
Les Profils commerciaux 2016 fournissent une série d'indicateurs clés sur le commerce des marchandises et des services de 195 économies. For each economy, the data is presented in a handy two-page format, providing a concise overview of global trade.
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