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15 Years of the Information Technology Agreement
Trade, Innovation and Global Production NetworksThe Information and Technology Agreement (ITA) was finalized at the first WTO Ministerial Conference, in Singapore, in 1996, committing its participants to completely eliminate duties on certain information technology products. In its 15 years, the ITA has promoted affordable access to a wide range of technologies, encouraging closer cooperation between developed and developing countries. As production networks become increasingly global, the ITA will continue to facilitate the shift from products made in a specific country to “made in the world”. To mark the 15th anniversary of the ITA, this publication charts the political and technical obstacles which were overcome during the creation of the Agreement and the issues which still need to be resolved. It details the establishment of the ITA Committee and how the Agreement is implemented, and investigates the impact the ITA has had on trade liberalization and innovation. The publication also examines the effect information technology has had on global production networks and what this means for developing countries and the ITA.
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20 Years of the Information Technology Agreement
Boosting Trade, Innovation and Digital ConnectivityOver the past 20 years, the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) has increased worldwide access to high-tech goods, such as computers, mobile phones and semiconductors. It has also contributed to greater access to the Internet and the growth of the digital economy, creating new opportunities for businesses and individuals in both developed and developing economies. Finalized at the first WTO Ministerial Conference in 1996, the ITA commits its participants to eliminating tariffs on a wide range of IT products with an annual value of approximately US$ 1.7 trillion. To mark the 20th anniversary of the ITA, this publication analyses the impact of the ITA on its participants and on worldwide trade in IT products. It demonstrates how the Agreement has not only made high-tech products more affordable but has also helped to promote innovation and to support developing economies’ integration into global production networks. The publication also reviews new developments, such as the landmark deal concluded in 2015 to eliminate tariffs on an additional 201 IT products valued at over $1.3 trillion per year. Finally, it highlights what still needs to be done to meet the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal of providing universal and affordable access to the Internet so that the benefits of the digital revolution can be enjoyed by all.
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20th Anniversary Brochures
The WTO has produced a series of brochures to mark its 20th anniversary. Each brochure looks into a specific area of WTO activity, highlighting the achievements over the past 20 years.
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25 Years of the WTO: A Photographic Retrospective
“25 years of the WTO: A Photographic Retrospective” captures some of the key moments in the life of the WTO since it came into being on 1 January 1995. Over 150 photos provide insights into the work of the organization over the past quarter of a century, reflecting 25 years of challenges, successes and perseverance.
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A Handbook on Accession to the WTO
The Handbook provides the first detailed explanation and analysis of the process whereby governments become Members of the WTO. The WTO Agreement, which came into force on 1 January, 1995, provides few details on how this process is to take place. Consequently, the steps in the detailed negotiations leading up to access have evolved through the actual negotiations for governments which have become Members of the WTO since 1995. This handbook is unique in providing an account of how the process evolved and in offering details on the process as it is now applied. Moreover, the input of the WTO Secretariat into the preparation of the guide provides information not available until now to anyone outside the Secretariat. The Secretariat has supported production of this handbook in the hope it will serve as a useful source of reference for officials from acceding governments, WTO Members, academia, and the general public.
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A Handbook on Anti-Dumping Investigations
A key guide to the intricacies of anti-dumping proceedings
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A Handbook on the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement
This guide to the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement is based on the authors' experiences of teaching its finer points to customs officials and policy-makers around the world. Covering the methods of valuation and the provisions on enforcement, implementation and dispute settlement, the authors give practical examples, explain interpretative decisions of national and international customs bodies, and analyse the history of its negotiation. Written as a learning tool, it helps both new and experienced policy-makers, customs officials, importers and exporters to gain a deeper understanding of the Agreement's function and aims.
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A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System
The primary purpose of this training guide is to explain the WTO dispute settlement system to an interested person with little or no knowledge of how this system functions. However, with its detailed content, it could also serve as a very useful “handbook” to experienced practitioners of WTO Law. It explains the historic evolution of the current system and explores the practices that have arisen in its operation since its entry into force on 1 January 1995.
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A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System, 2nd Edition
The WTO dispute settlement system has become one of the most dynamic, effective and successful international dispute settlement systems in the world over the past twenty years. This second edition of A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System has been compiled by the dispute settlement lawyers of the WTO Secretariat with a view to providing a practice-oriented account of the system. In addition to describing the existing rules and procedures, this accessibly written handbook explains how those rules and procedures have been interpreted by dispute settlement panels and the Appellate Body, and how they have evolved over time. The handbook provides practical information to help various audiences understand the day-to-day operation of the WTO dispute settlement system.
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A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement
This handbook describes the historical and legal background to the TRIPS Agreement, its role in the WTO and its institutional framework and reviews the following areas: general provisions and basic principles; copyright and related rights; trademarks; geographical indications; patents; industrial designs, layout-designs, undisclosed information and anti-competitive practices; enforcement of IPRs; dispute settlement in the context of the TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS and public health; and current TRIPS issues. It contains a guide to TRIPS notifications by WTO members and describes how to access and make use of the official documentation relating to the TRIPS Agreement and related issues. Furthermore, it includes the legal texts of the TRIPS Agreement and the relevant provisions of the WIPO conventions referred to in it, as well as subsequent relevant WTO instruments.
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A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement
This Handbook describes the historical and legal background to the TRIPS Agreement, its role in the WTO and its institutional framework. It reviews the following areas: general provisions and basic principles; copyright and related rights; trademarks; geographical indications; patents; industrial designs, layout-designs, undisclosed information and anti-competitive practices; enforcement of IPRs; dispute settlement in the context of the TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS and public health; and current TRIPS issues. It contains a guide to TRIPS notifications by WTO members and describes how to access the official documentation relating to the TRIPS Agreement and related issues. Furthermore, it includes the legal texts of the TRIPS Agreement and the relevant provisions of the WIPO conventions referred to in it, as well as subsequent relevant WTO instruments and related non-WTO treaties. The new edition covers the public health revision of the Agreement that entered into force in 2017 and provides updates on other recent developments.
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A History of Law and Lawyers in the GATT/WTO
How did a treaty that emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War, and barely survived its early years, evolve into one of the most influential organisations in international law? This unique book brings together original contributions from an unprecedented number of eminent current and former GATT and WTO staff members, including many current and former Appellate Body members, to trace the history of law and lawyers in the GATT/WTO and explore how the nature of legal work has evolved over the institution's sixty-year history. In doing so, it paints a fascinating portrait of the development of the rule of law in the multilateral trading system, and allows some of the most important personalities in GATT and WTO history to share their stories and reflect on the WTO's remarkable journey from a 'provisionally applied treaty' to an international organisation defined by its commitment to the rule of law.
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A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis
This Guide to Trade Policy Analysis provides the main tools for the analysis of trade policy. Written by experts with practical experience in the field, this publication outlines the major concepts of trade policy analysis and contains practical guidance on how to apply them to concrete policy questions.
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Accelerating Trade Digitalization to Support MSME Financing
For many micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) around the world today, access to financing can mean the difference between prosperity and bankruptcy. Working to identify, understand, and ultimately overcome the challenges that MSMEs face in their quest for acquiring financing will help to ensure that the next great technological idea does not cease to exist before it has a chance to change the world. This publication seeks to identify some of the most pressing of these challenges, understand them, and explore the potential application of digital technologies to mitigating their impact. To that end, the authors conducted interviews and surveys with experts in the field of MSME financing, including, in some cases, trade financing, to shed light on these issues and explore the ways in which technology can be used. This publication begins by examining some of the challenges that have been identified as impacting MSME financing, as well as the role that the COVID-19 pandemic has had in moulding the landscape. Next, it moves on to examining key digital technologies, their potential benefit to the industry – in particular to MSME financing – a selection of case studies and of companies utilizing these technologies, the adoption challenges they face, and recommendations for overcoming these challenges. The technologies in question include cloud computing, optical character recognition, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, distributed ledger technology and application programming interfaces.
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Accord sur les mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires
10 résultats clés de 2020Une nouvelle brochure présentée le 27 juillet souligne le ferme engagement des Membres de l’OMC, quel que soit leur niveau de développement, en faveur de la transparence et de la prévention des différends commerciaux. Les renseignements contenus dans cette brochure sont fondés sur l’examen de la mise en œuvre, par les Membres, de l’Accord sur l’application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires (Accord SPS), réalisé en 2020.
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Acuerdo sobre la aplicación de medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias
10 resultados clave de 2020En un nuevo folleto presentado el 27 de julio se destaca el firme compromiso de los Miembros de la OMC en todos los niveles de desarrollo con la transparencia y la prevención de diferencias comerciales. La información contenida en el folleto se basa en el examen de 2020 de la aplicación por los Miembros del Acuerdo sobre la Aplicación de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias (el “Acuerdo MSF”).
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African Perspectives on Trade and the WTO
Domestic Reforms, Structural Transformation and Global Economic IntegrationTwenty-first century Africa is in a process of economic transformation, but challenges remain in areas such as structural reform, governance, commodity pricing and geopolitics. This book looks into key questions facing the continent, such as how Africa can achieve deeper integration into the rules-based multilateral trading system and the global economy. It provides a range of perspectives on the future of the multilateral trading system and Africa's participation in global trade and underlines the supportive roles that can be played by multilateral and regional institutions during such a rapid and uncertain transition. This volume is based on contributions to the Fourth China Round Table on WTO Accessions and the Multilateral Trading System, which took place just before the WTO's Tenth Ministerial Conference in Nairobi in December 2015.
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Air Transport and the GATS
1995-2000 in ReviewThis special compilation describes air transport services from a regulatory and economic point of view, with a special focus on market access questions. Each volume contains original material and up-to-date insights, written on the basis of close cooperation with industry professionals. In preparation for the second air transport review mandated by the GATS Annex on Air Transport Services, the Secretariat has gathered in the present booklet the documentation produced in 2000-1 for the first review.
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Air Transport and the GATS
2000-2005 in Review Volume 1 Auxiliary servicesThis special compilation describes air transport services from a regulatory and economic point of view, with a special focus on market access questions. Each volume contains original material and up-to-date insights, written on the basis of close cooperation with industry professionals. It contains the documentation prepared by the WTO Secretariat for the WTO Membership in the framework of a quinquennal review process of the air transport sector. It deals with services "auxiliary" to air transport, namely maintenance repair and overhaul, airlines' ticket distribution, franchising, leasing, ground handling ,airport management and air navigation services.
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An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis: The Structural Gravity Model
An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis is a follow up to A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis. The Advanced Guide provides the most recent tools for analysis of trade policy using structural gravity models. Written by experts who have contributed to the development of theoretical and empirical methods in the academic gravity literature and who have rich practical experience in the field, this publication explains how to conduct partial equilibrium estimations as well as general equilibrium analysis with structural gravity models and contains practical guidance on how to apply these tools to concrete policy questions.
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Annual Report
The "Annual Report" summarises the WTO's activities and provides detailed information on the organization's structure, staff and budget.
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Blockchain and DLT in Trade
Where Do We Stand?The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digitalization in all sectors, including international trade, which remains hindered by inefficient paper-intensive processes. Of particular interest for trade digitalization are projects leveraging distributed ledger technology (DLT) – commonly referred to as Blockchain. The tamper-proof and decentralized nature of DLT makes it useful for breaking the silos that constrain international trade. Many projects that were at an exploratory stage when the first “Blockchain and DLT in Trade” publication was launched in November 2019 have matured and reached the production stage. This publication looks at the current situation. The publication updates the original “periodic table” of DLT projects in trade launched in November 2019 by the International Chamber of Commerce, the WTO and Trade Finance Global, a trade finance platform, at the WTO Global Trade and Blockchain Forum. The periodic table provides a means of differentiating between the countless initiatives, projects, consortia and companies operating in the broad space that can be described by “DLT in trade”. While no simplified diagram of the landscape can encapsulate the minutiae of each project, the table provides a starting point for understanding and analyzing the industry. This publication maps 44 projects related to trade finance, insurance, know your customer, shipping/logistics and supply chain, digitalization of trade documents and trade processes as well as other projects, such as marketplaces, and assesses their level of maturity. A new section on standardization initiatives provides an overview of projects that work towards creating digital standards relevant for trade to drive digital interoperability. The report also showcases the results of a supplementary survey analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the projects featured.
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Breves respuestas a grandes preguntas sobre la OMC y el medio ambiente
Este folleto de la División de Comercio y Medio Ambiente tiene como objetivo mejorar la comprensión del papel del comercio y las normas comerciales con respecto a las cuestiones ambientales. Busca responder, en términos fáciles de entender, algunas de las preguntas clave del debate sobre comercio y medio ambiente en lo que respecta al sistema multilateral de comercio.
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CITES and the WTO
Enhancing Cooperation for Sustainable DevelopmentThis publication illustrates how the relationship between CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and the WTO has evolved into a leading example of how global trade and environmental regimes can support each other to achieve shared objectives.
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Can blockchain revolutionize international trade?
Trade has always been shaped by technological innovation. In recent times, a new technology, Blockchain, has been greeted by many as the next big game-changer. Can Blockchain revolutionize international trade? This publication seeks to demystify the Blockchain phenomenon by providing a basic explanation of the technology. It analyses the relevance of this technology for international trade by reviewing how it is currently used or can be used in the various areas covered by WTO rules. In doing so, it provides an insight into the extent to which this technology could affect cross-border trade in goods and services, and intellectual property rights. It discusses the potential of Blockchain for reducing trade costs and enhancing supply chain transparency as well as the opportunities it provides for small-scale producers and companies. Finally, it reviews various challenges that must be addressed before the technology can be used on a wide scale and have a significant impact on international trade.
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Conferencias ministeriales de la OMC
Resultados fundamentalesLa publicación “WTO Ministerial Conferences: Key Outcomes” (Conferencias Ministeriales de la OMC: principales resultados) contiene todos los resultados más importantes de las Conferencias Ministeriales de la OMC celebradas desde el establecimiento de la Organización en 1995. El libro, en el que figura información sobre las 11 Conferencias Ministeriales que tuvieron lugar entre 1996 y 2017, incluye Decisiones y Declaraciones Ministeriales y declaraciones de los Presidentes. La publicación además reproduce resultados pertinentes de la Ronda Uruguay adoptados en relación con el establecimiento de la OMC.
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Conférences ministérielles de l’OMC
Principaux résultatsLa publication “Conférences ministérielles de l'OMC: principaux résultats” contient tous les principaux résultats des Conférences ministérielles de l'OMC depuis la création de l'Organisation en 1995. Couvrant les onze Conférences ministérielles tenues entre 1996 et 2017, les principaux résultats comprennent les décisions et déclarations ministérielles, ainsi que les déclarations des Présidents. La publication reproduit également les résultats ministériels pertinents du Cycle d'Uruguay adoptés en rapport avec l'institution de l'OMC.
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Connecting to Global Markets
Challenges and Opportunities: Case Studies Presented by WTO Chair-HoldersThis book brings together contributions from the 14 WTO chair-holders of the first phase of the WTO Chairs Programme (2010-2014). The volume is divided into four sections, focusing on export diversification, the role of non-tariff measures, the rule of law in connecting to global markets, and the role of the Aid for Trade initiative in building trade capacity and overcoming supply side constraints.
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Covid-19 Reports
The WTO reports on COVID-19 and world trade provide detailed information on the impact of the pandemic on global trade
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Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms, 5th edition
This is an accessible guide to the vocabulary used in trade negotiations. It explains about 2,500 terms and concepts in simple language. Its main emphasis is on the multilateral trading system represented by the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition it covers many of the trade-related activities, outcomes and terms used in other international organizations, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OECD. The last five years have seen a rapid spread in the formation of free-trade areas in all parts of the world. This dictionary allocates generous space to the vocabulary associated with such agreements. It offers clear explanations, for example, of the concepts used in the administration of preferential rules of origin. Additional areas covered include emerging trade issues and issues based particularly on developing-country concerns.
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Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms, 6th Edition
The dictionary is an accessible guide to the vocabulary used in trade negotiations. It explains about 3,000 terms and concepts in simple language. Its main emphasis is on the multilateral trading system represented by the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition it covers many of the trade-related activities, outcomes and terms used in other international organizations, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the OECD. The last decade has seen considerable attention devoted to trade and investment facilitation, sustainability and the formation of free-trade areas in all parts of the world. This dictionary allocates generous space to the vocabulary associated with such developments. Additional areas covered include emerging trade issues and issues based particularly on developing-country concerns.
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Estadísticas del Comercio Internacional
La publicación "Estadísticas del comercio internacional" ofrece un panorama completo de la evolución más reciente en la esfera del comercio mundial e incluye detalles del comercio de mercancías por productos y del comercio de servicios comerciales por categorías.
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Examen Estadístico del Comercio Mundial
"El Examen estadístico del comercio mundial" ofrece un análisis detallado de la evolución reciente del comercio mundial. Este informe se elaborará con carácter anual y reemplaza la anterior publicación estadística anual de la OMC, "Estadísticas del comercio internacional".
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Examen Statistique du Commerce Mondial
"L'Examen statistique du commerce mondial" présente une analyse détaillée de l'évolution la plus récente du commerce mondial. Il paraîtra tous les ans et remplace les "Statistiques du commerce international", la publication statistique annuelle précédente de l'OMC.
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Examens des Politiques Commerciales
La surveillance des politiques commerciales nationales est une activité d'une importance fondamentale pour les travaux de l'OMC. Elle repose principalement sur le Mécanisme d'examen des politiques commerciales (MEPC). Tous les Membres de l'OMC font l'objet d'un examen, dont la fréquence varie en fonction de leur part dans le commerce mondial. Pour chaque examen, deux documents sont établis: une déclaration de politique générale établie par le gouvernement visé par l'examen et un rapport détaillé rédigé de manière indépendante par le Secrétariat de l’OMC. Ces deux rapports, ainsi que les conclusions du Président de l’Organe d’examen des politiques commerciales, sont publiés peu après la réunion.
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Exámenes de las Políticas Comerciales
La vigilancia de las políticas comerciales nacionales es una actividad fundamental en la labor de la OMC. El núcleo de esta labor es el Mecanismo de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales (MEPC). Todos los Miembros de la OMC son objeto de examen, si bien la frecuencia con que se realiza el examen de cada país depende de su nivel de participación en el comercio mundial. Para cada examen se preparan dos documentos: una exposición de políticas preparada por el Gobierno del país objeto de examen y un informe detallado elaborado independientemente por la Secretaría de la OMC. Ambos informes se publican poco después del examen, junto con conclusiones del Presidente del Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales.
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GATT Disputes: 1948-1995 - Dispute Settlement Procedures (Vol. 2)
GATT disputes: 1948-1995 (Volume 2) compiles documents regarding dispute settlement procedures under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and other selected documents. It complements Volume 1, which provides a comprehensive overview of dispute settlement activities under the GATT 1947 and a one-page case summary for each of the 316 disputes brought by GATT contracting parties from 1948 to 1995, when the GATT was superseded by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The two volumes offer insights into the evolution of dispute settlement under the GATT 1947, which served as the foundation for the Dispute Settlement Understanding created by the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO.
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GATT Disputes: 1948-1995 - Overview and One-Page Case Summaries (Vol. 1)
GATT disputes: 1948-1995 (Volume 1) provides verified and factual information on disputes brought by contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) from 1948 to 1995, when the GATT was superseded by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The publication provides a comprehensive overview of dispute settlement activities under the GATT 1947 and a one-page case summary for each of the 316 GATT disputes brought by contracting parties during this period. Volume 2 of this publication covers GATT dispute settlement procedures. The two volumes offer insights into the evolution of dispute settlement under the GATT 1947, which served as the foundation for the Dispute Settlement Understanding created by the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO.
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Global Value Chain Development Report
Beyond ProductionA radical shift is underway in global value chains as they increasingly move beyond traditional manufacturing processes to services and other intangible assets. Digitization is a leading factor in this transformation, which is being accelerated by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The Global Value Chain Development Report 2021, the third of a biennial series, explores this shift Beyond Production. This report shows how the rise of services value chains offers a new path to development and how protectionism and geopolitical tensions, environmental risks, and pandemics are undermining the stability of global value chains and forcing their reorganization geographically.
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Global Value Chain Development Report 2019
Technological Innovation, Supply Chain Trade, and Workers in a Globalized WorldThis report takes stock of the evolution of global value chains (GVCs) in light of technological developments, such as robotics, big data and the Internet of Things. It discusses how these technologies are reshaping GVCs and examines the effect of these changes on labor markets in developed and developing economies and on supply chain management. The report discusses how technological developments are creating new opportunities for the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises in global value chains and reviews issues related to GVC measurement. The report is a follow-up to the first Global Value Chain Development Report, which revealed the changing nature of international trade when analyzed in terms of value chains and value-added trade.
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Global Value Chains in a Changing World
A collection of papers by some of the world’s leading specialists on global value chains (GVCs). It examines how GVCs have evolved and the challenges they face in a rapidly changing world. The approach is multidisciplinary, with contributions from economists, political scientists, supply chain management specialists, practitioners and policymakers.
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Globalization and informal jobs in developing countries
A Joint Study of the International Labour Office and the Secretariat of the World Trade OrganizationThis study focuses on the relationship between trade and the growth of the informal economy in developing countries. Based on existing academic literature, complemented with new empirical research by the ILO and the WTO, the study discusses how trade reform affects different aspects of the informal economy. It also examines how high rates of informal employment diminish the scope for developing countries to translate trade openness into sustainable long-term growth.
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Governments, Non-State Actors and Trade Policy-Making
One of the most pressing issues confronting the multilateral trade system is the challenge posed by the rapid proliferation of preferential trade agreements. Plenty has been written about why governments might choose to negotiate preferentially or multilaterally, but until now it has been written almost exclusively from the perspective of governments. We know very little about how non-state actors view this issue of ‘forum choice', nor how they position themselves to influence choices by governments about whether to emphasize PTAs or the WTO. This book addresses that issue squarely through case studies of trade policy-making and forum choice in eight developing countries: Chile, Colombia, Mexico, South Africa, Kenya, Jordan, Indonesia and Thailand. The case studies are based on original research by the authors, including interviews with state and non-state actors involved in the trade policy-making process in the eight countries of this study.
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Informe Anual
"El informe anual" de la organización a sus Miembros y al público sobre cuestiones institucionales, con inclusión de descripciones de sus principales actividades e información sobre su presupuesto y personal.
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Informe Sobre el Comercio Mundial
La principal publicación de investigación de la OMC en materia de política comercial mundial, contiene temas especiales, análisis y novedades.
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International Trade Statistics
"International Trade Statistics" provides a detailed overview of the latest developments in world trade, covering both merchandise and services trade as well as trade measured in value-added terms
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Investing in Skills for Inclusive Trade
“Investing in Skills for Inclusive Trade”, co-published by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Labour Office (ILO), focuses on the linkages between trade and skills and between trade and skills development policies. The publication argues that in the fast-changing context of globalization, where technology and trade relations evolve rapidly, the responsiveness of skills supply to demand is particularly important. Given the role of skills in productivity and in trade performance as well as in access to employment and in wage distribution, a strong emphasis on skills development is vital for both firms and workers. Drawing on the findings from relevant literature and from the ILO's Skills for Trade and Economic Diversification (STED) programme, this publication shows that appropriate skills development policies are key to helping firms participate in trade, and also to helping workers find good jobs.
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