Medical technologies – medicines, vaccines and medical devices – are essential for public health. Access to essential medicines and the lack of research to address neglected diseases have been a major concern for many years. To promote innovation and to ensure equitable access to all vital medical technologies, policy-makers need a clear understanding of the innovation processes that lead to new technologies and of the ways in which these technologies are disseminated in health systems. This study seeks to reinforce the understanding of the interplay between the distinct policy domains of health, trade and intellectual property, and of how they affect medical innovation and access to medical technologies. This collaborative effort by the World Health Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization draws together the three Secretariats’ respective areas of expertise. The study is intended to inform ongoing technical cooperation activities undertaken by the three organizations and to support policy discussions. It has been prepared to serve the needs of policy-makers, as well as lawmakers, government officials, delegates to international organizations, non-governmental organizations and researchers. The second edition comprehensively reviews the existing material and captures new developments in key areas since the initial launch of the study in 2013. Among the new topics covered by the study are antimicrobial resistance and cuttingedge health technologies. The second edition provides updated data on health, innovation trends in the pharmaceutical sector, and trade and tariffs. It includes an updated overview of access to medical technologies globally and key provisions in free trade agreements, and takes account of developments in IP legislation and jurisprudence.

Le Rapport annuel de l'OMC se concentre sur les activités régulières de l'organisation et détaille sa structure actuelle, incluant le personnel et le budget.

Le Rapport annuel de l'OMC se concentre sur les activités régulières de l'organisation et détaille sa structure actuelle, incluant le personnel et le budget.

Le Rapport annuel 2003 porte essentiellement sur la première année complète de négociations menées dans le cadre du Programme de Doha pour le développement.

Le Rapport annuel de l'OMC traite des activités courantes de l'Organisation et donne des renseignement sur sa structure, son personnel et de son budget actuel. Il est publié au premier semestre de chaque année.

Le Rapport annuel de l'OMC se concentre sur les activités régulières de l'organisation et détaille sa structure actuelle, incluant le personnel et le budget.

Le Rapport annuel 2009 de l'OMC, dans sa nouvelle présentation, est divisé en deux grandes sections. La première résume brièvement les activités de l'organisation et passe en revue l'année 2008. La deuxième fournit des renseignements plus détaillés, illustrés par des graphiques, des tableaux et des photos.

Le Rapport annuel 2011 de l'OMC propose une brève présentation de l'Organisation et un examen détaillé de ses activités en 2010. Il contient aussi un message personnel du Directeur général, qui passe en revue les événements survenus en 2010 et les défis futurs.

Le Rapport annuel 2013 offre un aperçu des activités de l'OMC en 2012 et au début de 2013. Il comporte un bref résumé concernant l'année, suivi d'un examen approfondi des principaux domaines d'activité de l'OMC.

Le Rapport annuel 2015 offre un aperçu des activités de l'OMC en 2014 et au début de 2015. Il commence par un message du Directeur général de l'OMC Roberto Azevêdo, suivi d'une brève présentation de la période 2014-2015 et de comptes rendus plus approfondis des activités menées par l'OMC l'année dernière.

Le Rapport annuel 2017 offre un compte rendu complet des activités de l'OMC en 2016 et au début de 2017. Il est disponible en format papier et en format PDF.

Le Rapport annuel 2019 offre un compte rendu complet des activités menées par l'OMC en 2018 et au début de 2019. Il commence par un message du Directeur général de l'OMC, Roberto Azevêdo. Il donne ensuite un bref aperçu de l'année écoulée, puis une description plus détaillée des principaux domaines d'activité de l'Organisation au cours des 12 derniers mois. Des gros plans sont faits sur les principaux événements et activités organisés à l'OMC.

Les “subventions” sont le sujet central du rapport 2006 sur le commerce mondial. Les auteurs explorent ce champ d'action pour voir comment on peut définir les subventions, ce que la théorie économique peut nous dire d'elles, pourquoi les gouvernements y ont recours, quels sont les secteurs qui en sont les principaux bénéficiaires et quel rôle l'Accord de l'OMC peut jouer pour les réglementer dans le contexte du commerce international.

Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial est une publication annuelle qui vise à permettre de mieux comprendre les tendances du commerce international, les questions de politique commerciale et le système commercial multilatéral.

Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2010 traite du commerce des ressources naturelles, comme les combustibles, les forêts, les produits miniers et les ressources halieutiques. Il examine les caractéristiques du commerce des ressources naturelles, les choix qui s'offrent aux gouvernements et comment la coopération internationale, notamment dans le cadre de l'OMC, peut contribuer à la bonne gestion des échanges dans ce secteur.

Les mesures de réglementation visant le commerce des marchandises et des services sont la source de nouvelles difficultés très préoccupantes pour la coopération internationale au XXIe siècle. Le rapport sur le commerce mondial 2012 examine les raisons pour lesquelles les gouvernements ont recours à ces mesures non tarifaires et l'ampleur des distorsions des échanges internationaux qu'elles sont susceptibles de créer.

Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2014 examine comment quatre grandes tendances économiques récentes ont modifié la façon dont les pays en développement peuvent se servir du commerce pour favoriser leur développement. Ces tendances sont l'essor économique des pays en développement, l'intégration croissante de la production mondiale à travers les chaînes d'approvisionnement, la hausse des prix des produits agricoles et des ressources naturelles, et la plus grande interdépendance de l'économie mondiale. Le Rapport examine aussi le rôle de l'OMC.

Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2016 examine la participation des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) au commerce mondial, l’évolution du paysage commercial international pour les PME et ce que le système commercial multilatéral fait et peut faire pour encourager la participation plus large et inclusive des PME aux marchés mondiaux.

Le monde change à une incroyable vitesse et ce sous l’influence de nombreux facteurs, y compris l’évolution des modes de production et de consommation, l’innovation technologique permanente, les nouvelles façons de faire du commerce et, bien sûr, la politique. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2013 montre en quoi le commerce est à la fois une cause et un effet du changement et examine les facteurs qui façonnent l’avenir du commerce mondial.

À l’ère numérique, les états sont de plus en plus nombreux à adopter des politiques visant à stimuler la croissance par l’innovation et la modernisation technologique. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2020 présente ces tendances et examine comment le commerce et l’OMC s’y adaptent. Le soutien à la transition vers une économie numérique a caractérisé les politiques publiques adoptées ces dernières années. Le commerce et les politiques commerciales ont toujours été des moteurs importants pour l’innovation. En particulier, le système commercial multilatéral a largement contribué à la diffusion planétaire de l’innovation et des technologies en favorisant la prévisibilité des conditions du marché mondial et en soutenant le développement des chaînes de valeur mondiales. À mesure que les données deviennent un intrant essentiel dans l’économie numérique, les entreprises s’appuient davantage sur des actifs incorporels que sur des actifs physiques et les entreprises numériques peuvent accéder plus rapidement aux marchés mondiaux sans devoir consentir aux importants investissements matériels qui étaient auparavant nécessaires dans d’autres secteurs. Dans le contexte de l’économie numérique, le succès dépendra de l’ouverture, de l’accès aux biens et services liés aux technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC), de la collaboration dans les projets de recherche et de la diffusion des connaissances et des nouvelles technologies. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2020 montre que la coopération internationale a un rôle important à jouer pour rendre plus efficace la poursuite du développement numérique et de l’innovation technologique, tout en réduisant au minimum les retombées négatives des politiques nationales. Conclus il y a un quart de siècle, les Accords de l’OMC se sont révélés remarquablement avancés en mettant en place un cadre favorable au développement des économies reposant sur les TIC, quel que soit leur niveau de développement. La poursuite de la coopération internationale, à l’OMC et dans d’autres instances, permettrait de poursuivre l’innovation et de réduire les tensions commerciales pour contribuer à rendre plus prévisible le fonctionnement des marchés internationaux.

This volume contains a collection of studies examining trade-related issues negotiated in regional trade agreements (RTAs) and how RTAs are related to the WTO's rules. While previous work has focused on subsets of RTAs, these studies are based on what is probably the largest dataset used to date, and highlight key issues that have been negotiated in all RTAs notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). New rules within RTAs are compared to rules agreed upon by WTO members. The extent of their divergences and the potential implications for parties to RTAs, as well as for WTO members that are not parties to RTAs, are examined. This volume makes an important contribution to the current debate on the role of the WTO in regulating international trade and how WTO rules relate to new rules being developed by RTAs.

G20 governments continue to resist protectionist pressures but risks remain: A joint report by the WTO, OECD and UNCTAD released on 4 November 2010 for the Group of 20 biggest economies, ahead of their meeting in Seoul on 11 November, says that by and large, G20 governments have continued to resist protectionist pressures. But it also warns of potential dangers in the months ahead because of persistent high levels of unemployment and tensions over foreign exchange rates.

WTO G-20 report: Weak growth and imbalances “testing” government resolve against protectionism: The WTO’s report on G-20 trade measures, issued on 26 October 2011, said that “disappointingly weak growth in some G-20 countries and continuing macroeconomic imbalances globally are testing the political resolve of many governments to abide by the G-20 commitment to resist protectionism”. It said that “the situation is not yet alarming, but it is clearly adding to the downside risks to the global economy”.

Joint study: restrictive measures continue apace, accrued restraints hit 3% of imports: The seventh WTO-OECD-UNCTAD report for the G-20 on trade and investment restrictions reveals that government-imposed trade and investment restrictions have not slowed and that the pace of removing such obstacles has decelerated. The accumulation of such restraints means that nearly 3% of global imports are affected while the restrictions now impact nearly 4% of G-20 trade.

WTO warns G-20 trade restrictions continue to accumulate as pace of removal remains slow: Director-General Pascal Lamy, in his report on G-20 trade measures issued on 17 June 2013, said that “more than 100 trade-restrictive measures were implemented by G-20 economies over the past seven months, covering around 0.5% of G-20 merchandise imports”. He called on the G-20 to “take positive steps to unlock the potential for trade to grow stronger by ensuring a successful outcome at the next Ministerial Conference in Bali”.

Azevêdo reports trade restrictions down slightly, urges G-20 leadership on post-Bali agenda: The WTO’s report on G-20 trade measures, issued on 18 June 2014, said that “G-20 members put in place 112 new trade restrictive measures during the period mid November 2013 to mid-May 2014 — slightly down from the 116 new restrictive measures introduced in the previous period from mid-May to mid-November 2013”. Director-General Roberto Azevêdo said that “ it is clear that the coat of trade restrictions has grown a bit thicker over this period…this will not help our efforts to support growth and development around the world — and therefore we must remain watchful”.

WTO reports levelling of new G20 trade restrictions, but stockpile grows: The WTO’s fourteenth trade monitoring report on G20 trade measures, issued on 2 November, shows the application of new trade-restrictive measures by G20 economies remained stable compared to the previous reporting period. Although the report shows relative restraint by G20 economies in introducing new trade restrictions, the stockpile of measures continues to grow. Because the uncertain global economic outlook continues to have a negative impact on international trade, the report calls on G20 leaders to deliver on their pledge to refrain from implementing new protectionist measures and to roll back existing trade-restrictive measures.

Trade restrictions among G20 remain high, despite slight slowdown in new measures: The WTO’s sixteenth monitoring report on Group of 20 (G20) trade measures, issued on 10 November, shows that the number of trade-restrictive measures applied by G20 economies remains high, despite a slight decline against the previous period. This is of particular concern given the continuing global economic uncertainty and the WTO’s recent downward revision of its trade forecasts.

The WTO’s eighteenth monitoring report on Group of 20 (G20) trade measures, issued on 9 November, shows that G20 economies introduced fewer trade-restrictive measures compared to the previous review period. The estimated trade coverage of these restrictions recorded during the period of mid-May 2017 to mid-October 2017 slightly exceeded the coverage of trade-facilitating measures.

The WTO’s new Trade Monitoring Report issued on 21 November shows that G20 economies from mid-May to mid-October 2019 introduced import-restrictive measures covering an estimated USD 460.4 billion worth of traded merchandise. This represents a 37% increase over the previous period going back to mid-October 2018, and is second only to the USD 480.9 billion coverage of import-restricting measures reported between mid-May and mid-October 2018. The report notes that with restrictions accumulating over time, the share of global trade covered by such measures has soared. WTO Director-General Roberto Azevêdo called on G20 economies to de-escalate trade tensions to spur investment, growth and job creation.

While import-restrictive measures introduced by Group of 20 (G20) economies continue to cover a growing share of trade, the WTO’s latest biannual monitoring report on trade measures — the first to cover a time period coinciding with the coronavirus pandemic — points to significant moves to facilitate imports, including products related to COVID-19. During the mid-October 2019 to mid-May 2020 review period, G20 economies implemented 154 new trade and trade-related measures, 95 of them import-facilitating and 59 import-restrictive. Of these measures, 93 (about 60 per cent) were linked to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Trade policy restraint by G20 economies, as well as WTO members more broadly, prevented a destructive acceleration of protectionist trade measures that would have further hurt the world economy, according to the WTO’s latest Trade Monitoring Report. But WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala cautioned that obstacles to trade remain in place and continue to undermine global efforts to increase and diversify the production of vaccines.

Trade-restrictive measures continue at historically high level: Trade flows hit by new restrictions implemented by WTO members continued at a historically high level between mid-October 2018 and mid-May 2019, according to the Director-General’s latest mid-year report on trade-related developments presented to members on 22 July. The report, which was reviewed at a meeting of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body, notes that the trade coverage of import-restrictive measures implemented during the review period is estimated at USD 339.5 billion, the second-highest figure on record after the USD 588.3 billion reported in the previous period. Together, these two periods represent a dramatic spike in the trade coverage of import-restrictive measures.

Trade restrictions on the rise: Director-General Pascal Lamy, in presenting his interim report on trade developments to the Trade Policy Review Body on 21 June 2011, urged “increased vigilance by all WTO Members” as “protectionist pressures remain and are being generated by stubbornly high levels of unemployment in many countries, persistent global imbalances, and macroeconomic concerns”. Many delegations expressed concern over the recent increase in trade restrictions, and called on the WTO to continue with its regular trade monitoring reports

Lamy hails transparency as the best insurance policy against protectionism: Director-General Pascal Lamy, in presenting his monitoring report (covering the period mid-October 2012 to mid-May 2013) to the Trade Policy Review Body on 19 July 2013, said: “I am convinced that a strong and vibrant multilateral trading system remains the best insurance policy to overcome protectionist threats”. He said that “while there is no need for alarmist or dramatic announcements, trade restrictive measures continue to be adopted and the stock of existing measures remains high”.

Increasing stockpile of trade-restrictive measures “a cause for concern”: The increasing stockpile of trade-restrictive measures introduced by WTO members remains a cause for concern, and continued vigilance is required, according to the latest report on trade-related developments presented on 23 July by WTO Director General Roberto Azevêdo. On the positive side, an increasing number of trade-liberalizing measures, such as tariff-cutting measures, were adopted by WTO members during the period under review, 16 October 2014 to 15 May 2015.

WTO members record lowest monthly average in new trade restrictions since 2008: Between mid-October 2016 and mid-May 2017 WTO members recorded the lowest monthly average of new trade restrictions since the financial crisis of 2008, according to the Director-General’s mid-year report on trade-related developments presented to members on 24 July. Director-General Roberto Azevêdo welcomed this news, and urged WTO members to show continued moderation. The report also shows that the trade coverage of the trade-facilitating measures was significantly higher than that of the restrictions.

WTO economies from mid-October 2020 to mid-May 2021 exercised trade policy restraint and refrained from an acceleration of protectionism that would have further harmed a world economy reeling from the COVID-19 pandemic, according to the Director-General’s mid-year report on trade-related developments presented to members on 29 July. The report calls on WTO members to ensure that markets remain open and predictable, and warns that failing to ensure wider access to COVID-19 vaccines could undermine the global economic and trade recovery.

Agricultural products worth over US$ 1,765 billion were traded in 2013. WTO rules help to ensure that these products are traded safely and that health protection measures are not used as an excuse for protecting domestic producers. This brochure, produced to mark the WTO’s 20th anniversary, looks into the key provisions of the Agreement and the work of the SPS Committee.

A new booklet launched on 27 July highlights strong engagement from WTO members at all levels of development in transparency and prevention of trade disputes. The information contained in the booklet is based on the 2020 review of members’ implementation of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the “SPS Agreement”).

Services Profiles 2013 provides statistics on key “infrastructure services”, i.e. transportation, telecommunications, finance and insurance, for 140 economies. The information is derived from multiple sources, such as national accounts, employment statistics, balance of payments statistics, foreign affiliates’ trade in services (FATS) statistics, foreign direct investment (FDI) statistics and quantitative indicators largely sourced from international/regional organizations and specialized bodies.

Services Profiles 2015 provides key statistics on “infrastructure services”, i.e. transportation, telecommunications, finance and insurance, for some 150 economies. The 2016 edition of Trade Profiles incorporates the data previously provided in Services Profiles.

Esta publicación contiene resúmenes útiles de una página de las principales constataciones contenidas en cada uno de los informes de los Grupos Especiales publicados hasta finales de 2018, así como en los informes correspondientes del Órgano de Apelación publicados en ese período. Cada resumen de una página se compone de los hechos fundamentales, las constataciones principales que figuran en los informes y otras cuestiones especialmente importantes. La publicación incluye dos índices en los que se enumeran las diferencias en función de los Acuerdos de la OMC abordados y del Miembro de la OMC demandado.

L'édition 2012 des Statistiques du commerce international présente un aperçu général de l'évolution la plus récente du commerce mondial, donnant des renseignements détaillés sur le commerce des marchandises par produit et sur le Commerce des services commerciaux.

L'édition 2014 des Statistiques du commerce international présente un aperçu détaillé de l'évolution la plus récente du commerce mondial, donnant des renseignements détaillés sur le commerce des marchandises par produit et sur le Commerce des services commerciaux.

Status of WTO Legal Instruments covers the legal instruments drawn up by WTO members in relation to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization and the plurilateral trade agreements annexed to that Agreement. For each legal instrument, information is provided regarding signature, acceptance, ratification, accession and entry into force. The relevant final clauses of each instrument are also included. The cut-off point for information in this publication is end-April 2015.

This publication covers the treaty instruments drawn up by WTO Members in relation to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO and the multilateral and plurilateral trade agreements annexed to this Agreement. It lists the adoption and signature dates of WTO treaty instruments and the dates of acceptances, accessions or amendments to these. It also provides the date of their entry into force as well as the dates of other communications and declarations received by the WTO Director-General in her capacity as depositary. This updated 2021 edition reflects several WTO treaty developments since the previous edition. Following a brief introduction, a dedicated section provides a comprehensive summary of the establishment of the WTO and the evolution of its treaty instruments. It also provides information on depositary notifications by the WTO Director-General, the relevant volumes of the WTO and UN Treaty Series, and treaty registration with the United Nations. Hyperlinks in the PDF version allow readers direct access to the relevant WTO and UN documents.

Global value chains (GVCs) have become ubiquitous. The literature that attempts to understand and explain GVCs is vast, multidisciplinary and no less complex than the phenomenon itself. This volume is an ambitious attempt at a fairly comprehensive review of literature on the subject.